~~ODT~~
====== linux swapfile ======
* Swapfile vergrößern
SWAP Speicher Größe um ~8GB erhöhen / falls SWAP aktuell nicht verwendet wird:
root@cacheserver:~# grep swap /etc/fstab
/swap.img none swap sw 0 0
root@cacheserver:~# swapoff /swap.img
root@cacheserver:~# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap.img bs=1M count=8072 oflag=append conv=notrunc
8072+0 records in
8072+0 records out
8464105472 bytes (8.5 GB, 7.9 GiB) copied, 31.7752 s, 266 MB/s
root@cacheserver:~# mkswap /swap.img
mkswap: /swap.img: warning: wiping old swap signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 11.9 GiB (12759068672 bytes)
no label, UUID=a9a362e1-347d-4695-9f02-f18911a61da2
root@cacheserver:~# swapon /swap.img
root@cacheserver:~# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7834 733 159 8 6941 6725
Swap: 12167 0 12167
====== ldmtool ======
* Windows dynamische Datenträger zB: Software RAID lesen
* zB: Debian Buster
apt-get install ldmtool
====== vlans taps und bridges ======
* Getestet auf Debian Buster - in Kombination mit qemu/kvm Virtualisierung
* Ich hab einen virtuellen Gast der diverse VLANs tagged weiter geben soll an die physikalische Netzwerkkarte / In diesem Beispiel setze ich mich ins VLAN 29 mit der bridge selbst damit ich debuggen kann ob die Pakete reinkommen
Debugging Einstellungen für die VLANs:
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan show dev tap144
port vlan ids
tap144 1 PVID Egress Untagged
23
VLAN Funktionalität auf der Bridge aktivieren:
ip link set dev "br-uplink" type bridge vlan_filtering 1
Der Guest selbst auf tap144 befindet sich tagged in vlan 23 - vlan 29 / aus default untagged VLAN 1 rausnehmen
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan del vid 1 pvid 1 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 23 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 24 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 25 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 26 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 27 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 28 dev tap144
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add vid 29 dev tap144
Die Bridge selbst untagged ins VLAN 29 einbinden und aus Default VLAN 1 rausnehmen:
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan del dev br-uplink vid 1 self
root@mrGodfather:~# bridge vlan add dev br-uplink vid 29 pvid untagged self
root@mrGodfather:~# ip addr add 192.168.29.10/24 brd + dev br-uplink
Physische Bridge Config interface enp1s0f4u4 :
auto br-uplink
iface br-uplink inet manual
bridge_ports enp1s0f4u4
bridge_fs 0
bridge_stp off
bridge_maxwait 0
up bridge vlan del vid 1 pvid 1 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 23 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 24 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 25 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 26 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 27 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 28 dev enp1s0f4u4
up bridge vlan add vid 29 dev enp1s0f4u4
* Bridges ausschließlich mit iproute2 (thanks https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/255489)
ip link add name br0 type bridge
ip link set dev br0 up
ip link set dev lan0 master br0
ip link set dev lan1 master br0
#remove interface from bridge
ip link set dev lan0 nomaster
#remove bridge
ip link del br0
====== bonding ======
* Debian Buster working **LACP**
..
auto bond0
#prepare bond interfaces
iface eth0 inet manual
iface eth1 inet manual
iface bond0 inet manual
slaves eth0 eth1
bond_mode 802.3ad
...
* Debug: **/proc/net/bonding/bond0** / mit Zyxel GS-1900 - 24 Port Desktop LACP
Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v3.7.1 (April 27, 2011)
Bonding Mode: IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation
Transmit Hash Policy: layer2 (0)
MII Status: up
MII Polling Interval (ms): 100
Up Delay (ms): 0
Down Delay (ms): 0
802.3ad info
LACP rate: slow
Min links: 0
Aggregator selection policy (ad_select): stable
System priority: 65535
System MAC address: mac
Active Aggregator Info:
Aggregator ID: 1
Number of ports: 2
Actor Key: 9
Partner Key: 1000
Partner Mac Address: mac
Slave Interface: eth0
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: mac
Slave queue ID: 0
Aggregator ID: 1
Actor Churn State: none
Partner Churn State: none
Actor Churned Count: 0
Partner Churned Count: 0
details actor lacp pdu:
system priority: 65535
system mac address: mac
port key: 9
port priority: 255
port number: 1
port state: 61
details partner lacp pdu:
system priority: 65535
system mac address: mac
oper key: 1000
port priority: 1
port number: 23
port state: 61
Slave Interface: eth1
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: mac
Slave queue ID: 0
Aggregator ID: 1
Actor Churn State: none
Partner Churn State: none
Actor Churned Count: 0
Partner Churned Count: 0
details actor lacp pdu:
system priority: 65535
system mac address: mac
port key: 9
port priority: 255
port number: 2
port state: 61
details partner lacp pdu:
system priority: 65535
system mac address: mac
oper key: 1000
port priority: 1
port number: 24
port state: 61
====== vlans ======
* **vconfig** ist obsolete
* BSP: Tagged VLAN40 interface hinzufügen (Schöne neue NIC Namen , leicht zu merken in Gegensatz zu eth0,eth1,eth2 usw.. - in diesem Fall - enx00e04c365a05 :)
ip link add link enx00e04c365a05 name vlan40 type vlan id 40
* **/etc/network/interfaces** zB: VLAN 10 / tagged / auf NIC eth1
* **vlan-raw-device** obsolete
* Getestet auf Ubuntu 18.04
...
#MANAGEMENT
auto eth1.10
iface eth1.10 inet static
address 172.23.10.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
..
* VLAN 10 in Action:
root@firewall:~# ifup eth1.10
root@firewall:~# ip addr ls eth1.10
10: eth1.10@eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:15:5d:3e:7e:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.23.10.1/24 brd 172.23.10.255 scope global eth1.10
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::215:5dff:fe3e:7e10/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@firewall:~# cat /proc/net/vlan/eth1.10
eth1.10 VID: 10 REORDER_HDR: 1 dev->priv_flags: 1021
total frames received 0
total bytes received 0
Broadcast/Multicast Rcvd 0
total frames transmitted 7
total bytes transmitted 586
Device: eth1
INGRESS priority mappings: 0:0 1:0 2:0 3:0 4:0 5:0 6:0 7:0
EGRESS priority mappings:
====== parted ======
* Partition **zur Laufzeit** vergrößern und Dateisystem anpassen / zuerst das jeweilige Block Device verändern am Beispiel virtio Festplatte / Partitionsgröße bleibt gleich :(
* getestet mit parted 3.3 und Linux Mint 20
* **parted /dev/device -> print -> resizepart PARTITION_NR -> 100%**
* Nach diesem Schritt kann zb mit **resize2fs** die Größe des Dateisystems angepasst werden
{{:know-how:0-parted-resizepart.png?400|}}
====== partprobe ======
* Auf KVM Hostmaschine Partition Table erneut einlesen: **partprobe**
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# fdisk /dev/mapper/storage-guest--mrgatekeeper--root
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xee6b3e38.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mapper/storage-guest--mrgatekeeper--root: 128 GiB, 137438953472 bytes, 268435456 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xee6b3e38
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-268435455, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-268435455, default 268435455):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 128 GiB.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Failed to add partition 1 to system: Invalid argument
The kernel still uses the old partitions. The new table will be used at the next reboot.
Syncing disks.
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# apt-get install parted
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libparted2
Suggested packages:
libparted-dev libparted-i18n parted-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libparted2 parted
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 473 kB of archives.
After this operation, 809 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libparted2 amd64 3.2-25 [277 kB]
Get:2 http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 parted amd64 3.2-25 [196 kB]
Fetched 473 kB in 1s (655 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libparted2:amd64.
(Reading database ... 33934 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libparted2_3.2-25_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libparted2:amd64 (3.2-25) ...
Selecting previously unselected package parted.
Preparing to unpack .../parted_3.2-25_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking parted (3.2-25) ...
Setting up libparted2:amd64 (3.2-25) ...
Setting up parted (3.2-25) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.5-2) ...
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# partprobe /dev/mapper/storage-guest--mrgatekeeper--root
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lsblk | grep -i mrgatekeeper
└─storage-guest--mrgatekeeper--root 253:20 0 128G 0 lvm
└─storage-guest--mrgatekeeper--root1 253:21 0 128G 0 part
====== prips - IPs expandieren ======
* CIDR IP Notationen expandieren
urnilxfgbez@mrChief:~$ prips 192.168.0.0/30
192.168.0.0
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.2
192.168.0.3
* Alternative zum Expandieren von IP Ranges:
* https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/169098/how-to-print-a-range-of-ip-addresses-with-linux-seq-command/169100
*
22
Use a format:
$ seq -f "10.20.30.%g" 40 50
10.20.30.40
10.20.30.41
10.20.30.42
10.20.30.43
10.20.30.44
10.20.30.45
10.20.30.46
10.20.30.47
10.20.30.48
10.20.30.49
10.20.30.50
Unfortunately this is non-obvious as GNU doesn't like to write man pages.
====== world of powershell ======
* Infos über properties und Funktionen eines Objekts (https://www.codykonior.com/2013/03/26/powershell-how-to-show-all-of-an-objects-properties-and-values/)
$currentObject | Get-Member
* Hilfe für Funktion
help Funktionsname
Help Funktionsname -example
* foreach Schleife - Durchiterieren von Ergebnissen (https://www.powershelladmin.com/wiki/PowerShell_foreach_loops_and_ForEach-Object#The_foreach_Keyword)
foreach ( $currentObject in Function_that_returns_multiple_results )
{
$currentObject.Property
}
* String Funktionen (https://blog.stefanrehwald.de/2013/02/19/powershell-03-strings-zerlegen-zuschneiden-teile-ausschneiden-verbinden/)
String="vorname.nachname@domain"
String.split("@")[0] -> vorname.nachname
* Datei nicht vorhanden & Datei vorhanden (ohne -Not ())
$checkFile="C:\foo.txt"
if (-NOT (Test-Path $checkFile))
{
}
* Modul nicht gefunden zB: ExchangeOnlineManagement
* Info: https://www.powershellgallery.com/packages/ExchangeOnlineManagement/1.0.1
* **Install-Module -Name ExchangeOnlineManagement -RequiredVersion 1.0.1**
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Install-Module -Name ExchangeOnlineManagement -RequiredVersion 1.0.1
Der NuGet-Anbieter ist erforderlich, um den Vorgang fortzusetzen.
PowerShellGet erfordert die NuGet-Anbieterversion 2.8.5.201 oder höher für die Interaktion mit NuGet-basierten
Repositorys. Der NuGet-Anbieter muss in "C:\Program Files\PackageManagement\ProviderAssemblies" oder
"C:\Users\christian.czeczil\AppData\Local\PackageManagement\ProviderAssemblies" verfügbar sein. Sie können den
NuGet-Anbieter auch durch Ausführen von 'Install-PackageProvider -Name NuGet -MinimumVersion 2.8.5.201 -Force'
installieren. Möchten Sie den NuGet-Anbieter jetzt durch PowerShellGet installieren und importieren lassen?
[J] Ja [N] Nein [H] Anhalten [?] Hilfe (Standard ist "J"): j
Nicht vertrauenswürdiges Repository
Sie installieren die Module aus einem nicht vertrauenswürdigen Repository. Wenn Sie diesem Repository vertrauen, ändern
Sie dessen InstallationPolicy-Wert, indem Sie das Set-PSRepository-Cmdlet ausführen. Möchten Sie die Module von
'PSGallery' wirklich installieren?
[J] Ja [A] Ja, alle [N] Nein [K] Nein, keine [H] Anhalten [?] Hilfe (Standard ist "N"): J
* **Achtung** Powershell benutzt offenbar standardmäßig TLS1.0 - wird als obsolete betrachtet, undefinierbare Fehlermeldungen sind die Folge beim Versuch ein Modul zu installieren - kann Ziel nicht erreichen ...
{{:know-how:powershell-force-tls12.png?400|}}
PS C:\Windows\system32> [Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
PS C:\Windows\system32> Install-Module -Name ExchangeOnlineManagement
Der NuGet-Anbieter ist erforderlich, um den Vorgang fortzusetzen.
PowerShellGet erfordert die NuGet-Anbieterversion 2.8.5.201 oder höher für die Interaktion mit NuGet-basierten
Repositorys. Der NuGet-Anbieter muss in "C:\Program Files\PackageManagement\ProviderAssemblies" oder
"C:\Users\christian.czeczil\AppData\Local\PackageManagement\ProviderAssemblies" verfügbar sein. Sie können den
NuGet-Anbieter auch durch Ausführen von 'Install-PackageProvider -Name NuGet -MinimumVersion 2.8.5.201 -Force'
installieren. Möchten Sie den NuGet-Anbieter jetzt durch PowerShellGet installieren und importieren lassen?
[J] Ja [N] Nein [H] Anhalten [?] Hilfe (Standard ist "J"): j
Nicht vertrauenswürdiges Repository
Sie installieren die Module aus einem nicht vertrauenswürdigen Repository. Wenn Sie diesem Repository vertrauen, ändern
Sie dessen InstallationPolicy-Wert, indem Sie das Set-PSRepository-Cmdlet ausführen. Möchten Sie die Module von
'PSGallery' wirklich installieren?
[J] Ja [A] Ja, alle [N] Nein [K] Nein, keine [H] Anhalten [?] Hilfe (Standard ist "N"): j
* Ausführungsverzeichnis bei powershell Start zB: Laufwerk Z:
powershell.exe -NoExit -command "& {Set-Location Z:\}"
* Netzwerk Interface "Trust" Level ändern / wenn zB: MAC des Gateways sich ändert
Get-NetConnectionProfile -> IndexNr des NW Interfaces
Set-NetConnectionProfile -InterfaceIndex IndexNr -NetworkCategory [Private|Public]
====== syslinux pxe menu password creation ======
* https://cobbler.github.io/manuals/2.6.0/4/11_-_PXE-boot_Menu_Passwords.html
* sha512 **-6** Hash inklusive SALT
openssl passwd -6 -salt 389asdkfj349 mypassword
====== awk - sum ======
grep and cut play | awk '{sum += $1} END {print sum}'
====== busybox - kill telnetd ======
#!/bin/bash
echo -e "IP1\nIP2\nIP3" | while read line ; do ( echo "pid_telnet=\$(ps | grep -i telnetd | head -n 1 | awk '{ print \$1 }') ; kill -9 \$pid_telnet" ; sleep 1; ) | telnet $line ; done
====== specific line from file ======
* 4th line from file
sed :
$>sed -n 4p file.txt
head :
head -n 4 foo | tail -n 1
====== random line from file ======
* single random entry from file
shuf -n 1 filename
====== log journal systemd ======
* Journal Log in die Schranken weisen
* https://linuxhandbook.com/clear-systemd-journal-logs/
journalctl --vacuum-size=100M
====== runlevel systemd ======
* "Targets" keine "runlevel" mehr
# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
# systemctl set-default graphical.target
Removed /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target → /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.
* https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd#Targets
Get current targets
The following should be used under systemd instead of running runlevel:
$ systemctl list-units --type=target
Create custom target
The runlevels that held a defined meaning under sysvinit (i.e., 0, 1, 3, 5, and 6); have a 1:1 mapping with a specific systemd target. Unfortunately, there is no good way to do the same for the user-defined runlevels like 2 and 4. If you make use of those it is suggested that you make a new named systemd target as /etc/systemd/system/your target that takes one of the existing runlevels as a base (you can look at /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target as an example), make a directory /etc/systemd/system/your target.wants, and then symlink the additional services from /usr/lib/systemd/system/ that you wish to enable.
Mapping between SysV runlevels and systemd targets
SysV Runlevel systemd Target Notes
0 runlevel0.target, poweroff.target Halt the system.
1, s, single runlevel1.target, rescue.target Single user mode.
2, 4 runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target User-defined/Site-specific runlevels. By default, identical to 3.
3 runlevel3.target, multi-user.target Multi-user, non-graphical. Users can usually login via multiple consoles or via the network.
5 runlevel5.target, graphical.target Multi-user, graphical. Usually has all the services of runlevel 3 plus a graphical login.
6 runlevel6.target, reboot.target Reboot
emergency emergency.target Emergency shell
Change current target
In systemd targets are exposed via target units. You can change them like this:
# systemctl isolate graphical.target
This will only change the current target, and has no effect on the next boot. This is equivalent to commands such as telinit 3 or telinit 5 in Sysvinit.
Change default target to boot into
The standard target is default.target, which is a symlink to graphical.target. This roughly corresponds to the old runlevel 5.
To verify the current target with systemctl:
$ systemctl get-default
To change the default target to boot into, change the default.target symlink. With systemctl:
# systemctl set-default multi-user.target
Removed /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.
Alternatively, append one of the following kernel parameters to your bootloader:
systemd.unit=multi-user.target (which roughly corresponds to the old runlevel 3),
systemd.unit=rescue.target (which roughly corresponds to the old runlevel 1).
Default target order
Systemd chooses the default.target according to the following order:
Kernel parameter shown above
Symlink of /etc/systemd/system/default.target
Symlink of /usr/lib/systemd/system/default.target
systemd components
====== memtester check ram ======
* https://www.techwalla.com/articles/how-to-test-the-ram-on-linux
Type the command "memtester 100 5" to test the memory. Replace "100" with the size, in megabytes, of the RAM installed on the computer. Replace "5" with the number of times you want to run the test.
Type the command "echo $?" to show the exit code when you see a command prompt again. If the output is "0" the memory is working properly. The other possible outcomes are:
====== chromium ======
* proxy spezifizieren zB: **chromium --proxy-server=localhost:3000**
====== ssh ======
* Es konnte keine gemeinsame Krypto gefunden werden / Krypto manuell angeben:
zB:
ssh -oKexAlgorithms=+diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 user@target
ssh -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 user@target
Unable to negotiate with x.x.x.x port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-dss
ssh -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss user@target
* Aus RSA Private PEM Key Public Key exportieren - im OpenSSH kompatiblen Format
ssh-keygen -f private_key -y > /tmp/pub
* SSH Port Forwarding in den Hintergrund legen und über Socket kontrollieren
Socket erstellen / Verbindung erstellen :
ssh -M -S /tmp/connection-backup-database.sock -fNT -LLOCAL_FORWARDING_PORT:HOSTNAME:REMOTE_PORT USERNAME@SERVER
Verbindung überprüfen:
ssh -S /tmp/connection-backup-database.sock -O check USERNAME@SERVER
Socket schließen / Verbindung beenden:
ssh -S /tmp/connection-backup-database.sock -O exit USERNAME@SERVER
====== dpkg / extract package files / ubuntu / debian ======
* **dpkg-deb -xv xtables-addons-common_3.8-2_amd64.deb /tmp/**
* **Achtung** auf aktuellen User achten und auf das Verzeichnis zum Auspacken
====== apt / dpkg / debian / ubuntu based gpg trust add ======
* wget quiet output to stdout | apt-key add gpg key from stdin
* e.g. kali Repository (rolling release)
wget -q -O - https://archive.kali.org/archive-key.asc | apt-key add -
* **apt-key** is **deprecated** - direkter Quota aus den man pages zu apt-key (Debian 12):
If your existing use of apt-key add looks like this:
wget -qO- https://myrepo.example/myrepo.asc | sudo apt-key add -
Then you can directly replace this with (though note the recommendation
below):
wget -qO- https://myrepo.example/myrepo.asc | sudo tee
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/myrepo.asc
Make sure to use the "asc" extension for ASCII armored keys and the
"gpg" extension for the binary OpenPGP format (also known as "GPG key
public ring"). The binary OpenPGP format works for all apt versions,
while the ASCII armored format works for apt version >= 1.4.
====== checkrestart for restarting necessary Services after update ======
* check for apt-get install debian-goodies (contains checkrestart)
checkrestart | grep -i service | while read foo ; do $foo && echo "$foo successfully restarted" ; done
====== APT-GET ======
* Fehler zB: Kali trying to overwrite '/usr/bin/f2py', which is also in package python-numpy 1:1.16.5-5
dpkg -i --force-overwrite /var/cache/apt/archives/python3-numpy_1%3a1.24.2-1_amd64.deb
apt-get --fix-broken install
* Depends on the names of the repositories should work under debian and ubuntu / security upgrades check
apt-get --dry-run dist-upgrade | grep -i security
* Install only security Updates limit Repositories to "security"
https://www.eidenschink.eu/2014/04/install-security-patches-command-line-debian-ubuntu.html
The trick is then to pass apt-get an option to read the sources from the created file like this:
apt-get upgrade -oDir::Etc::SourceList=/etc/apt/security.sources.list
* Download ONLY not actual installing
apt-get --download-only dist-upgrade
* Do not install recommended packages permanently
* **/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/30NoRecommends**
APT::Install-Recommends "0";
APT::Install-Suggests "0";
* **Priorities** and **Policies**
Ok 2 Versionen verfügbar "78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1" "91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1"
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-cache show firefox-esr
Package: firefox-esr
Version: 91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1
Installed-Size: 213011
Maintainer: Maintainers of Mozilla-related packages
Architecture: amd64
Provides: gnome-www-browser, www-browser
Depends: libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.30), libcairo-gobject2 (>= 1.10.0), libcairo2 (>= 1.10.0), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.9.14), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libevent-2.1-7 (>= 2.1.8-stable), libffi7 (>= 3.3~20180313), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.12.6), libfreetype6 (>= 2.10.1), libgcc-s1 (>= 4.0), libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.37.3), libgtk-3-0 (>= 3.9.14), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstdc++6 (>= 9), libvpx6 (>= 1.8.0), libx11-6, libx11-xcb1 (>= 2:1.7.2), libxcb-shm0, libxcb1, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.4.5), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxrender1, zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.11.dfsg), fontconfig, procps, debianutils (>= 1.16)
Suggests: fonts-stix | otf-stix, fonts-lmodern, libgssapi-krb5-2 | libkrb53, libcanberra0, pulseaudio
Breaks: xul-ext-torbutton
Description-en: Mozilla Firefox web browser - Extended Support Release (ESR)
Firefox ESR is a powerful, extensible web browser with support for modern
web application technologies.
Description-md5: 88ee196fd829d9218a763b4d498a6f6a
Recommends: libavcodec58 | libavcodec-extra58 | libavcodec57 | libavcodec-extra57 | libavcodec56 | libavcodec-extra56 | libavcodec55 | libavcodec-extra55 | libavcodec54 | libavcodec-extra54 | libavcodec53 | libavcodec-extra53
Section: web
Priority: optional
Filename: pool/updates/main/f/firefox-esr/firefox-esr_91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1_amd64.deb
Size: 58682224
SHA256: dd75e58b28372989464d88de2f924a83038c89d6db6a67deddc038ce1ffd8c67
Package: firefox-esr
Version: 78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1
Installed-Size: 200097
Maintainer: Maintainers of Mozilla-related packages
Architecture: amd64
Provides: gnome-www-browser, www-browser
Depends: libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.29), libcairo-gobject2 (>= 1.10.0), libcairo2 (>= 1.10.0), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.9.14), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libevent-2.1-7 (>= 2.1.8-stable), libffi7 (>= 3.3~20180313), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.12.6), libfreetype6 (>= 2.10.1), libgcc-s1 (>= 4.0), libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.31.8), libgtk-3-0 (>= 3.0.0), libnspr4 (>= 2:4.25~), libnss3 (>= 2:3.53.1~), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstdc++6 (>= 9), libvpx6 (>= 1.8.0), libx11-6, libx11-xcb1 (>= 2:1.7.2), libxcb-shm0, libxcb1, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.4.5), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxrender1, zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.11.dfsg), fontconfig, procps, debianutils (>= 1.16)
Recommends: libavcodec58 | libavcodec-extra58 | libavcodec57 | libavcodec-extra57 | libavcodec56 | libavcodec-extra56 | libavcodec55 | libavcodec-extra55 | libavcodec54 | libavcodec-extra54 | libavcodec53 | libavcodec-extra53
Suggests: fonts-stix | otf-stix, fonts-lmodern, libgssapi-krb5-2 | libkrb53, libcanberra0, libgtk2.0-0, pulseaudio
Breaks: xul-ext-torbutton
Description-en: Mozilla Firefox web browser - Extended Support Release (ESR)
Firefox ESR is a powerful, extensible web browser with support for modern
web application technologies.
Description-md5: 88ee196fd829d9218a763b4d498a6f6a
Tag: implemented-in::c++, interface::graphical, interface::x11,
network::client, privacy::non-free-addons, privacy::non-free-service,
protocol::ftp, protocol::http, role::program, scope::application,
suite::mozilla, uitoolkit::gtk, use::browsing, web::browser,
works-with-format::html, x11::application
Section: web
Priority: optional
Filename: pool/main/f/firefox-esr/firefox-esr_78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1_amd64.deb
Size: 55451188
MD5sum: bf0c8f1cdccb3c5fa3fb2e35e420c3b3
SHA256: d4e25277f10a22dd118f86994b2b787d232b1e1eb60416b2a1bc3e5cfac235cc
OK offenbar installiert er nicht die "91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1" sondern bleibt bei "78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1"
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-get install firefox-esr=91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Suggested packages:
fonts-stix | otf-stix fonts-lmodern
The following packages will be upgraded:
firefox-esr
1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 58.7 MB of archives.
After this operation, 13.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main amd64 firefox-esr amd64 91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1 [58.7 MB]
16% [1 firefox-esr 11.7 MB/58.7 MB 20%]^C
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# less /etc/apt/preferences.d/priorities
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# less /etc/apt/preferences.d/priorities
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
cat: /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/: Is a directory
OK schauen wir mal die die Priorities der Repositories gewichtet sind bzw. welche Policy ist aktiv - Version "78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1" mit Priorität "750" gewichtiger als "500" - FAIL
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-cache policy firefox-esr
firefox-esr:
Installed: 78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1
Candidate: 78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1
Version table:
91.9.0esr-1~deb11u1 500
500 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main amd64 Packages
*** 78.15.0esr-1~deb11u1 750
750 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# vim /etc/apt/preferences.d/priorities
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports InRelease
Hit:3 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease
Hit:4 http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian bullseye InRelease
Hit:5 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease
Hit:6 https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial InRelease
Hit:7 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease
Ign:8 http://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb stable InRelease
Hit:9 http://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb stable Release
Hit:10 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/ms-teams stable InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
chromium chromium-common chromium-sandbox linux-headers-amd64
linux-image-amd64
The following packages will be upgraded:
ffmpeg firefox-esr gzip libavcodec58 libavcodec58:i386 libavdevice58
libavfilter7 libavformat58 libavresample4 libavresample4:i386 libavutil56
libavutil56:i386 libjavascriptcoregtk-4.0-18 liblzma5 liblzma5:i386
libpostproc55 libpq5 libssl1.1 libssl1.1:i386 libsvn1 libswresample3
libswresample3:i386 libswscale5 libtiff5 libtiff5:i386 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37
libxencall1 libxendevicemodel1 libxenevtchn1 libxenforeignmemory1
libxengnttab1 libxenhypfs1 libxenmisc4.14 libxenstore3.0 libxentoolcore1
libxentoollog1 linux-compiler-gcc-10-x86 linux-kbuild-5.10 openjdk-11-jre
openjdk-11-jre-headless openssl qemu qemu-system-common qemu-system-data
qemu-system-gui qemu-system-x86 qemu-utils thunderbird tzdata xz-utils
zlib1g zlib1g:i386
52 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 5 not upgraded.
Need to get 203 MB of archives.
After this operation, 47.3 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] n
Abort.
OK Anpassen der Priorities / Security Repo hat Default 500 / Offenbar wurden aus historischen Gründen Anpassungen der Priorities durchgeführt - da auch testing und unstable installiert wurde
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# vim /etc/apt/preferences.d/priorities
Package: *
Pin: release a=stable
Pin-Priority: 450
Package: *
Pin: release a=testing
Pin-Priority: 50
Package: *
Pin: release a=unstable
Pin-Priority: 50
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports InRelease
Hit:3 http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian bullseye InRelease
Hit:4 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease
Hit:5 https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial InRelease
Hit:6 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease
Hit:7 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease
Ign:8 http://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb stable InRelease
Hit:9 http://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb stable Release
Hit:10 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/ms-teams stable InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
chromium chromium-common chromium-sandbox linux-headers-amd64
linux-image-amd64
The following packages will be upgraded:
ffmpeg firefox-esr gzip libavcodec58 libavcodec58:i386 libavdevice58
libavfilter7 libavformat58 libavresample4 libavresample4:i386 libavutil56
libavutil56:i386 libjavascriptcoregtk-4.0-18 liblzma5 liblzma5:i386
libpostproc55 libpq5 libssl1.1 libssl1.1:i386 libsvn1 libswresample3
libswresample3:i386 libswscale5 libtiff5 libtiff5:i386 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37
libxencall1 libxendevicemodel1 libxenevtchn1 libxenforeignmemory1
libxengnttab1 libxenhypfs1 libxenmisc4.14 libxenstore3.0 libxentoolcore1
libxentoollog1 linux-compiler-gcc-10-x86 linux-kbuild-5.10 openjdk-11-jre
openjdk-11-jre-headless openssl qemu qemu-system-common qemu-system-data
qemu-system-gui qemu-system-x86 qemu-utils thunderbird tzdata xz-utils
zlib1g zlib1g:i386
52 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 5 not upgraded.
Need to get 203 MB of archives.
After this operation, 47.3 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] n
Abort.
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt-get dist-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
linux-headers-5.10.0-14-amd64 linux-headers-5.10.0-14-common
linux-image-5.10.0-14-amd64 sse3-support
The following packages will be upgraded:
chromium chromium-common chromium-sandbox ffmpeg firefox-esr gzip
libavcodec58 libavcodec58:i386 libavdevice58 libavfilter7 libavformat58
libavresample4 libavresample4:i386 libavutil56 libavutil56:i386
libjavascriptcoregtk-4.0-18 liblzma5 liblzma5:i386 libpostproc55 libpq5
libssl1.1 libssl1.1:i386 libsvn1 libswresample3 libswresample3:i386
libswscale5 libtiff5 libtiff5:i386 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37 libxencall1
libxendevicemodel1 libxenevtchn1 libxenforeignmemory1 libxengnttab1
libxenhypfs1 libxenmisc4.14 libxenstore3.0 libxentoolcore1 libxentoollog1
linux-compiler-gcc-10-x86 linux-headers-amd64 linux-image-amd64
linux-kbuild-5.10 openjdk-11-jre openjdk-11-jre-headless openssl qemu
qemu-system-common qemu-system-data qemu-system-gui qemu-system-x86
qemu-utils thunderbird tzdata xz-utils zlib1g zlib1g:i386
57 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 335 MB of archives.
After this operation, 426 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] n
Abort.
====== Device wipe + ETA ======
# cat /dev/zero | pv > /dev/sdb
4.83GiB 0:00:18 [ 156MiB/s] [> ] 0% ETA 1:55:23>
====== DNS capture ======
tshark -f "udp port 53" -Y "(dns.qry.type == 1 or dns.qry.type==28) and dns.flags.response == 0"
====== insert line prefix ======
# If you want to edit the file in-place
sed -i -e 's/^/prefix/' file
====== Parse Squid time Format ======
perl -p -e 's/^([0-9]*)/"[".localtime($1)."]"/e' < squid.log >squid.log.time
====== Files from the last 7 days ======
find PATH -type f -ctime -7
====== Modified files from the last minute ======
* Alternative wenn inotify nicht angwandt werden kann oder watchmen / systemd changed Files logik
* e.g. alle geänderten files unter /mnt/storage/external
find /mnt/storage/external/ -type f -mmin -1
====== mail testmail ======
mail -a "From: " RECIPIENT_MAIL
====== Mutt ======
read Mailbox:
mutt -R -f /var/spool/mail/mailbackup/
send Mails:
echo "This is the message body" | mutt -a "/path/to/file.to.attach" -s "subject of message" -- recipient@domain.com
Mutt Bounce mails to:
l limit messages to ~f (from) regex
http://perlcode.org/tutorials/mail/mutt-bounce.txt
Mutt Search : /
b - bounce message under cursor
t - tag message under cursor
;b - bounce tagged messages
;d - delete tagged messages
====== Proxy check URL w3m ======
http_proxy="http://IP:PORT" w3m http://URL
====== Vim ======
* show non visible characters
:set list
* Disable auto mouse detection "i want to copy & paste like i used to" (Debian 9)
vim /usr/share/vim/vim80/defaults.vim +69
" In many terminal emulators the mouse works just fine. By enabling it you
" can position the cursor, Visually select and scroll with the mouse.
" if has('mouse')
" set mouse=a
" endif
* Delete everything below line:
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3624345/how-to-delete-lines-below-current-line-in-vim
The delete ex command will work nicely.
:+,$d
====== ip add route/ip ======
Example:
192.168.24.0/24
ip route add 192.168.24.0/24 dev eth1 via 192.168.23.13
IP-add/remove:
/sbin/ip addr add 10.1.1.1/24 brd + dev bond0
/sbin/ip addr del 10.1.1.1/24 dev bond0
====== git basics ======
-git status
-git diff
Commit all changes
GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=cc GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=MAIL git commit -a
Single File:
GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=cc GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=MAIL git commit PATH_TO_FILE
====== Command timeouts ======
timeout 20s
====== Check latency with hping3 ======
hping3 -p 80 -c 2 -S www.google.ca
====== Bind dynmaic zones ======
server:/etc/bind/zones# rndc freeze zone
server:/etc/bind/zones# vim zone
server:/etc/bind/zones# rndc thaw zone
====== MySQL ======
* Datenbank anlegen und bestimmten User für die Datenbank:
MariaDB [(none)]> create database db_name;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE USER 'userdb'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `db_name`.* TO 'userdb'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
* Diverses:
Repair MYISAM database:
myisamchk --silent --force --fast --update-state --key_buffer_size=64M --sort_buffer_size=64M --read_buffer_size=1M --write_buffer_size=1M /path/to/datadir/*/*.MYI
Easy safe repair:
myisamchk -r -q tbl_name
Change database password for User:
mysql> update user set password=PASSWORD("NEW-PASSWORD-HERE") where User='USER';
Solve umlaut troubles mysql:
http://blog.koehntopp.de/archives/3189-FAQ-Mein-mysqldump-zerstoert-meine-Umlaute.html
Grant ACCESS:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `testuser\_%` . * TO 'testuser'@'localhost';
MySQL Revoke u. Grant:
mysql> revoke Trigger ON *.* from 'testdb'@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)
mysql> GRANT Trigger ON testdb.* to 'project'@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Tablenames case insensitive:
This depends on lower_case_table_names system variable in mysql.
Code:
mysql> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE 'lower_case_table_names';
If set to 0, table names are stored as specified and comparisons are case sensitive. If set to 1, table names are stored in lowercase on disk and comparisons are not case sensitive. If set to 2, table names are stored as given but compared in lowercase.
The default value is 0 on unix, 1 on windows and 2 on mac.
You can change this by specifying the option while starting mysqld (--lower-case-table-names=2 )
Change data type from column:
ALTER TABLE MODIFY VARCHAR(65536)
Get processlist:
database information_schema -> table processlist
If you use MySQL 5.1.7 or newer, you can use the PROCESSLIST table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA. So you can query it with ordinary SELECT queries and apply filtering conditions in a WHERE clause.
This feature is not implemented in MySQL 5.0 and prior.
MySQL one line kill if TIME > xx
for count in $(echo "use information_schema; select ID from processlist where TIME>0" | mysql --skip-column-names ); do echo "kill $count" | mysql; done
MySQL one line kill old:
for count in $(echo "show processlist" | mysql | awk '{ print $1 }'); do echo "kill $count" | mysql; done
MySQL determine database type:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1638070/how-can-i-determine-type-of-mysql-database-whether-it-is-innodb-or-myisam
show table status
====== Overcome ARG_MAX limit ======
find . -name '*.???.gz' -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f
====== OpenSSL ======
Create rsa key:
openssl genrsa -out privkey.pem 2048
Create CSR:
openssl req -new -key privkey.pem -out cert.csr
Read CSR:
openssl req -in FILE.csr -text -noout
Create Key and CSR:
openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout FILENAME.key -out FILENAME.csr
Public Key encryption
openssl rsautl -certin -encrypt -inkey publickey.pem -in foho -out encrypted.txt
SELF signed all in one:
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365 -nodes -sha512
pkcs12 create:
openssl pkcs12 -export -in name-cert.pem -inkey private/name-key.pem -certfile cacert.pem -name "[friendly name]" -out name-cert.p12
CA Zertfifikat neu auststellen mit sha256 - Achtung Zeit muss auf die Minute genau stimmen/Serial muss auch stimmen :
openssl x509 -in ca.crt -CA ca-kombo.crt -set_serial 0xBB0844165013F013 -CAkey ca.key -out ca-new -days 7200 -sha256
Überprüfen ob Zertifikat von bestimmter CA ausgestellt wurde:
$ openssl verify -verbose -CAfile cacert.pem server.crt
server.crt: OK
Überprüfen ob CRL von bestimmter CA unterschrieben wurde und ok ist:
openssl crl -verify -CAfile ca.crt -in crl.pem -noout
verify OK
Fingerprint anzeigen sha1 oder sha256:
openssl x509 -in cert.crt -noout -sha256 -fingerprint
openssl x509 -in cert.crt -noout -sha1 -fingerprint
Comodo/Sectigo S/MIME Zertifikat beantragen:
---
openssl req -new -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -nodes -keyout max.mustermann@pannoniait.at.key -out max.mustermann@pannoniait.at.csr - Common Name E-Mail Adresse
"Your certificate is ready for collection" E-Mail / PKCS12 File erstellen für den Import
openssl pkcs7 -in CollectCCC -inform der -outform pem -print_certs -out sectigo-collection.crt
openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey max.mustermann@pannoniait.at.key -in sectigo-collection.crt -name "Sectigo Certificates" -out max.mustermann@pannoniait.at.p12
-> PKCS12 File importieren mit entsprechendem Passwort
---
Aus versendetem E-Mail smime.p7s das Zertifikat exportieren:
vorher base64 -d aus mail Content - MIME Abschnitte beachten
openssl pkcs7 -inform der -outform pem -print_certs -in /tmp/smime.p7s -out /tmp/certificates.pem
====== Bash ======
for i in *.ENDING; do command < $i 2>&1 | grep -qi 'uninitial' && echo $i; done
strlen:
echo ${#PATH}
redirect stderr to stdout:
echo "fooo" 2>&1
As long as return Code of ping command is not 0 (e.g. success) / echo foo
while ! ping -q -W 1 -c 2 IP > /dev/null ; do echo foo ; done
Bash read file per line:
while read test ; do echo $test ; done < test
Bash c like for loop:
for ((i=0; i<10 ; i++)) ; do echo $i; done
cat file | xargs -I{} echo {}
or:
for line in (< /path/to/file); do
echo "Line: $line"
done
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17368067/length-of-string-in-bash
you could even have a look at stored chars:
myvar='Généralités'
chrlen=${#myvar}
oLang=$LANG oLcAll=$LC_ALL
LANG=C LC_ALL=C
bytlen=${#myvar}
printf -v myreal "%q" "$myvar"
LANG=$oLang LC_ALL=$oLcAll
printf "%s has %d chars, %d bytes: (%s).\n" "${myvar}" $chrlen $bytlen "$myreal"
will answer:
Généralités has 11 chars, 14 bytes: ($'G\303\251n\303\251ralit\303\251s').
Nota: According to Isabell Cowan's comment, I've added setting to $LC_ALL along with $LANG.
Length of an argument
Argument work same as regular variables
strLen()
https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/07/bash-string-manipulation/
Bash String Manipulation Examples – Length, Substring, Find and Replace
by SASIKALAon JULY 23, 2010
In bash shell, when you use a dollar sign followed by a variable name, shell expands the variable with its value. This feature of shell is called parameter expansion.
But parameter expansion has numerous other forms which allow you to expand a parameter and modify the value or substitute other values in the expansion process. In this article, let us review how to use the parameter expansion concept for string manipulation operations.
This article is part of the on-going bash tutorial series. Refer to our earlier article on bash { } expansion.
1. Identify String Length inside Bash Shell Script
${#string}
The above format is used to get the length of the given bash variable.
$ cat len.sh
#! /bin/bash
var="Welcome to the geekstuff"
echo ${#var}
$ ./len.sh
24
To understand more about bash variables, read 6 Practical Bash Global and Local Variable Examples.
2. Extract a Substring from a Variable inside Bash Shell Script
Bash provides a way to extract a substring from a string. The following example expains how to parse n characters starting from a particular position.
${string:position}
Extract substring from $string at $position
${string:position:length}
Extract $length of characters substring from $string starting from $position. In the below example, first echo statement returns the substring starting from 15th position. Second echo statement returns the 4 characters starting from 15th position. Length must be the number greater than or equal to zero.
$ cat substr.sh
#! /bin/bash
var="Welcome to the geekstuff"
echo ${var:15}
echo ${var:15:4}
$ ./substr.sh
geekstuff
geek
Also, refer to our earlier article to understand more about $*, $@, $#, $$, $!, $?, $-, $_ bash special parameters.
3. Shortest Substring Match
Following syntax deletes the shortest match of $substring from front of $string
${string#substring}
Following syntax deletes the shortest match of $substring from back of $string
${string%substring}
Following sample shell script explains the above two shortest substring match concepts.
$ cat shortest.sh
#! /bin/bash
filename="bash.string.txt"
echo ${filename#*.}
echo ${filename%.*}
$ ./shortest.sh
After deletion of shortest match from front: string.txt
After deletion of shortest match from back: bash.string
In the first echo statement substring ‘*.’ matches the characters and a dot, and # strips from the front of the string, so it strips the substring “bash.” from the variable called filename. In second echo statement substring ‘.*’ matches the substring starts with dot, and % strips from back of the string, so it deletes the substring ‘.txt’
4. Longest Substring Match
Following syntax deletes the longest match of $substring from front of $string
${string##substring}
Following syntax deletes the longest match of $substring from back of $string
${string%%substring}
Following sample shell script explains the above two longest substring match concepts.
$ cat longest.sh
#! /bin/bash
filename="bash.string.txt"
echo "After deletion of longest match from front:" ${filename##*.}
echo "After deletion of longest match from back:" ${filename%%.*}
$ ./longest.sh
After deletion of longest match from front: txt
After deletion of longest match from back: bash
In the above example, ##*. strips longest match for ‘*.’ which matches “bash.string.” so after striping this, it prints the remaining txt. And %%.* strips the longest match for .* from back which matches “.string.txt”, after striping it returns “bash”.
5. Find and Replace String Values inside Bash Shell Script
Replace only first match
${string/pattern/replacement}
It matches the pattern in the variable $string, and replace only the first match of the pattern with the replacement.
$ cat firstmatch.sh
#! /bin/bash
filename="bash.string.txt"
echo "After Replacement:" ${filename/str*./operations.}
$ ./firstmatch.sh
After Replacement: bash.operations.txt
Replace all the matches
${string//pattern/replacement}
It replaces all the matches of pattern with replacement.
$ cat allmatch.sh
#! /bin/bash
filename="Path of the bash is /bin/bash"
echo "After Replacement:" ${filename//bash/sh}
$ ./allmatch.sh
After Replacement: Path of the sh is /bin/sh
Taking about find and replace, refer to our earlier articles – sed substitute examples and Vim find and replace.
Replace beginning and end
${string/#pattern/replacement}
Following syntax replaces with the replacement string, only when the pattern matches beginning of the $string.
${string/%pattern/replacement}
Following syntax replaces with the replacement string, only when the pattern matches at the end of the given $string.
$ cat posmatch.sh
#! /bin/bash
filename="/root/admin/monitoring/process.sh"
echo "Replaced at the beginning:" ${filename/#\/root/\/tmp}
echo "Replaced at the end": ${filename/%.*/.ksh}
$ ./posmatch.sh
Replaced at the beginning: /tmp/admin/monitoring/process.sh
Replaced at the end: /root/admin/monitoring/process.ksh
Recommended Reading
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3173131/redirect-copy-of-stdout-to-log-file-from-within-bash-script-itself
redirect output of script itself to file
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Redirect stdout ( > ) into a named pipe ( >() ) running "tee"
exec > >(tee -i logfile.txt)
# Without this, only stdout would be captured - i.e. your
# log file would not contain any error messages.
# SEE (and upvote) the answer by Adam Spiers, which keeps STDERR
# as a separate stream - I did not want to steal from him by simply
# adding his answer to mine.
exec 2>&1
echo "foo"
echo "bar" >&2
Delimiter String durchiterieren:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/918886/how-do-i-split-a-string-on-a-delimiter-in-bash09CFIQ4dUDCAU&uact=5
You can set the internal field separator (IFS) variable, and then let it parse into an array. When this happens in a command, then the assignment to IFS only takes place to that single command's environment (to read ). It then parses the input according to the IFS variable value into an array, which we can then iterate over.
IFS=';' read -ra ADDR <<< "$IN"
for i in "${ADDR[@]}"; do
# process "$i"
done
Variante 2:
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ CURRENT_IFS=$IFS
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ db="db1,db2,db4"
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ IFS=","
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ for i in $db ; do echo "Foo: $i" ; done
Foo: db1
Foo: db2
Foo: db4
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ IFS=$CURRENT_IFS
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ db2=db1,db2,db4
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ echo $db2
db1,db2,db4
Numeric Increment +1 :
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ i=5
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ ((i++))
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ echo $i
6
Numeric add +x :
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ let "i=i+5"
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ echo $i
11
==========================
https://timmurphy.org/2012/03/09/convert-a-delimited-string-into-an-array-in-bash/
String into Array
#!/bin/bash
OIFS=$IFS;
IFS="|";
animals="dog|cat|fish|squirrel|bird|shark";
animalArray=($animals);
for ((i=0; i<${#animalArray[@]}; ++i)); do echo "animal $i: ${animalArray[$i]}"; done
IFS=$OIFS;
=================================
Parameter in Bash als Variablen übergeben / als Array definieren damit die Quotes korrekt interpretiert werden
https://serverfault.com/questions/936426/call-rsync-with-args-stored-in-a-string/936461#936461
USERNAME_SSH="foo"
SERVER_HOSTNAME="123.server.at"
TARGET_BACKUP_LOCATION_WEBSITE="/srv/backups/website/"
SSH_COMMON_OPTIONS="-o PasswordAuthentication=no -o ServerAliveInterval=120 -o ServerAliveCountMax=5 -o Compression=yes"
RSYNC_COMMON_OPTIONS="-ax --delete --relative --delete-excluded --compress --timeout=3600 --perms --chmod=u+rwX --exclude=dev/ --exclude=var/tmp/ --exclude=usr/ --exclude=sess_* --exclude=logs/*"
RSYNC_COMMON_OPTIONS_ARRAY=($RSYNC_COMMON_OPTIONS)
RSYNC_COMMON_OPTIONS_ARRAY+=(-e "ssh $SSH_COMMON_OPTIONS")
rsync "${RSYNC_COMMON_OPTIONS_ARRAY[@]}" "$USERNAME_SSH@$SERVER_HOSTNAME:/" "$TARGET_BACKUP_LOCATION_WEBSITE"
===========
Zeilenweises einlesen aus Datei liste.txt
bsp while read foo ; do youtube-dl --extract-audio --audio-format mp3 "$foo" ; done < liste.txt
====== RAM info ======
dmidecode --type 17
====== Ubuntu version ======
lsb_release -a
====== Traffic shaping ======
Show:
tc class ls dev DEVICE
====== Gratious ARP ======
iputils-arping
arping -U -I eth0 IP/Adresse
====== Socat ======
socat - unix:socketfilename
====== Screen ======
SHARE teilen/detachen:
strg+A :multiuser on ->"server"
screen -x ->client
Ctrl+A+D for detaching the screen
* Screen resume nicht möglich da er es als "attached" betrachtet
# screen -r 16894
There is a screen on:
16894.pts-0.backup (09/01/20 11:17:52) (Attached)
There is no screen to be resumed matching 16894.
# screen -r -d 16894
====== Associated Clients hostapd/wpad ======
iw dev wlan0 station dump
====== List wireless hardware capabilities hostapd/wpad ======
-> iw list
root@foo:~# iw list
Wiphy phy1
wiphy index: 1
max # scan SSIDs: 4
max scan IEs length: 2257 bytes
max # sched scan SSIDs: 0
max # match sets: 0
Retry short limit: 7
Retry long limit: 4
....
Wiphy phy0
wiphy index: 0
max # scan SSIDs: 16
max scan IEs length: 199 bytes
max # sched scan SSIDs: 0
...
====== List/scan wireless access points hostapd/wpad ======
* WLANs anzeigen cli
ggf. ip li set dev wlanxx up
iw dev wlanxx scan
====== Disassociate Client hostapd/wpad ======
* https://superuser.com/questions/1286244/openwrt-how-can-i-kick-a-wireless-client-from-command-line
* **Achtung** bei tiny Installation gibts kein hostapd_cli
The default wpad-mini package does provide the disassociate command but not the all_sta. So get the list of associated clients on card wlan1 with iwinfo wlan1 assoclist, select a MAC address and then "kick" it with (for example):
hostapd_cli disassociate -i wlan1 01:23:45:67:89:AB
Considering a client usually tries to reconnect when disconnected, this might just disconnect it for about 10s.
* Mit iw getestet auf lede 17er Edition
* Auf 4.19 Kernel (kali linux) probiert er nach ~20-30 Sekunden wieder einen reconnect
Usage: iw [options] dev station del [subtype ] [reason-code ]
Remove the given station entry (use with caution!)
Example subtype values: 0xA (disassociation), 0xC (deauthentication)
-> iw dev wlan0 station del MAC-ADRESSE-HIER subtype 0xA
====== Harddisk shutdown ======
echo 1 > /sys/block/sdf/device/delete
====== Check tape ======
mt -f /dev/st0 status
mt -f /dev/st0 rewind
mt -f "$TAPE_DEV" eject
====== postfix ======
list queue:
postqueue -p
flush queue:
postqueue -f
"release" all mails from hold queue:
postsuper -H ALL
delete all mails from queue:
postsuper -d ALL
delete all mails from hold queue:
postsuper -d ALL hold
delete all mails from deferred queue:
postsuper -D ALL deferred
====== Linux software mdadm ======
mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 --run /dev/sdb1
Degraded raid1:
$ mdadm --create /dev/md0 -l raid1 -f -n 1 /dev/sda1
(Von Wiki Thomas Krenn: https://www.thomas-krenn.com/de/wiki/RAID_Controller#Software_RAID )
SDX1 hot remove:
root@ubuntumdraidtest:~# mdadm --manage /dev/mdN -r /dev/sdX1
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdX1 from /dev/mdN
SDX1 add:
root@ubuntumdraidtest:~# mdadm --manage /dev/mdN -a /dev/sdX1
mdadm: added /dev/sdX1
Wenn degraded und status inactive e.g.
root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# mdadm --run /dev/md127
root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md127 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 sdb1[0]
1953511936 blocks [2/1] [U_]
bitmap: 0/15 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
* **RAID1** **erstellen**
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-240353279, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-240353279, default 240353279):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 114.6 GiB.
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-240353279, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-240353279, default 240353279):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 114.6 GiB.
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
-----
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=raid1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
---
filesystem
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkfs.ext4 -L VAR_FS_RPI /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.46.2 (28-Feb-2021)
Creating filesystem with 30027264 4k blocks and 7512064 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 1d7fa1a4-f88c-44f7-847b-4340b2f381af
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (131072 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
done
done
--
speedup
echo "100000" > /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min
stop raid
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
configuration erstellen für startup
/usr/share/mdadm/mkconf > /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
* **Platte austauschen** im RAID **md0** , Platte **sdb** zeigt erste Fehler , **BIOS** System **kein UEFI**
sfdisk -d /dev/sdb > /root/sfdisk_sdb_dump.txt
mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb2
mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb2
--- Austausch --
cat /root/sfdisk_sdb_dump.txt | sfdisk /dev/sdb
mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb2
mdadm --detail /dev/md0
* **PENDING SYNC resumen ** im RAID **md1** , bei read only
root@master:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md1 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 sdd2[1] sdc2[0]
3906881344 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
resync=PENDING
bitmap: 30/30 pages [120KB], 65536KB chunk
md0 : active raid1 sdb2[2] sda2[0]
1953381376 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
bitmap: 2/15 pages [8KB], 65536KB chunk
---
root@master:~# mdadm --readwrite /dev/md1
---
root@master:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md1 : active raid1 sdd2[1] sdc2[0]
3906881344 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
[>....................] resync = 2.3% (91627072/3906881344) finish=289.3min speed=219744K/sec
bitmap: 30/30 pages [120KB], 65536KB chunk
md0 : active raid1 sdb2[2] sda2[0]
1953381376 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
bitmap: 2/15 pages [8KB], 65536KB chunk
unused devices:
* In Rescue System grml **RAID Volumes "aktivieren"** (/proc/mdstat)
mdadm --assemble --scan
====== VNC Viewer Hextile ======
* Bei **extrem** schlechter Upload Bandbereite / Hohe Kompression und Zlib like Kompression einsetzen
xtightvncviewer -compresslevel 9 -encoding Tight TARGET
* Bei Port Forwarding durch SSH Sitzung - Bandbreite grundsätzlich ok
xvncviewer -encoding Hextile localhost
====== NIC blink ======
ethtool -p ethx
====== ARP flux ======
prevent arp replies on different NICs
zB: echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_filter
====== LDAP queries ======
ldapsearch -h SERVER -D 'CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=DOMAIN,DC=local' -x -W -b 'DC=DOMAIN,DC=local' '(&(ATTRIBUTE=1)(objectCategory=Person))' dn ATTRIBUTE
====== Wget ======
download all files directory listening with ending .exe:
wget -q -rl 1 -nd "http://PATH" -A*.exe
====== Ubuntu ======
Change keyboard layout:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup
====== Winbind ======
wbinfo - Query information from winbind daemon
====== Domain join linux server ======
root# net ads join -UAdministrator%password
http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/domain-member.html
====== Load Kernel module ======
make kernel module loadable
depmod -a program to generate modules.dep and map filesi
====== less ======
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/02/unix-less-command-10-tips-for-effective-navigation/
& -> matches only
:n – go to the next file.
:p – go to the previous file.
G – go to the end of file
g – go to the start of file
====== ddrescue ======
* https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Ddrescue
Disk to image
In this scenario the disk drive /dev/sdb is about to fail and we want to create an exact copy in the form of an image.
First, copy every block without read error and log the errors to /root/rescue.log.
Note
This requires at least as much disk space as the size of the failing disk drive.
root #ddrescue -f -n /dev/sdb /root/sdb_rescue.img /root/rescue.log
-f
Force ddrescue to run even if the destination file already exists.
-n
Skip the splitting phase to avoid spending a lot of time trying to rescue the most difficult parts of a file.
Second, copy only the bad blocks and try 3 times to read from the source before giving up:
root #ddrescue -d -f -r3 /dev/sdb /root/sdb_rescue.img /root/rescue.log
-d
Use direct access to the drive and skip any cache.
-rN
Try N times to rescue the block.
Now the image can be mounted as loop device and the file system checked for corruption.
Note
It can be helpful to not retry at all in cases where the USB controller disconnects the drive if certain blocks are read. Here you may want to skip any errored block.
====== boot-rescue ======
* Boot von externem Medium zB: **grml** (https://grml.org/download/)
* Mount der Dateisystem für chroot / Achtung bind mount auch für /run (!)
mount -t proc none proc
mount -t sysfs none sys
mount -o bind /dev dev/
mount -o bind /dev/pts dev/pts
mount -o bind /run run/
chroot ./ /bin/bash
====== lvm ======
* Empfehlung falls lvm_volume ROOT von einer virtuellen Maschine über kvm - vorher herunterfahren!
* Verkleinert direkt darunter liegendes Filesystem + LVM - getestet auf Debian stretch
# lvresize --size 150G --resizefs /dev/mapper/lvm_volume
* LVM Resize - erweitern:
lvresize -L+500G /dev/mapper/foo-lvm
* LVM Logical Volume anlegen:
lvcreate -n name-lvm -L500G volume-group
* LVM Snapshots:
lvcreate -L -s -n /dev//
lvremove /dev//
* LVM Snapshots - Beispiele um an Filesystem zu kommen (offset mount - 2048*512, oder kpartx)
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# lvcreate -L200M -s -n guest-mrscanner-root-snapshot /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root
Logical volume "guest-mrscanner-root-snapshot" created.
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# kpartx -av /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot
add map mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot1 (253:22): 0 136312832 linear 253:21 2048
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# mount -o ro /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot1 /mnt/tmp
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# ls -al /mnt/tmp/
total 2097308
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Jul 24 06:39 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Mar 10 2018 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 5 06:53 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 25 06:47 boot
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 dev
drwxr-xr-x 111 root root 12288 Aug 1 06:08 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 home
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Jul 24 06:39 initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Jul 24 06:39 initrd.img.old -> boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-54-generic
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 May 21 12:18 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 21 11:59 lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 2016 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 8 2016 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 25 2018 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 2016 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 proc
drwx------ 7 root root 4096 Aug 9 01:12 root
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 19 2016 run
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 May 21 12:21 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 2016 srv
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 2147483648 Mar 18 2016 swap.img
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 sys
drwxrwxrwt 11 root root 40960 Aug 13 09:45 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 2016 usr
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 19 2016 var
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Jul 24 06:39 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Jul 24 06:39 vmlinuz.old -> boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-54-generic
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# umount /mnt/tmp/
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# kpartx -dv /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot
del devmap : mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot1
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# fdisk /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot: 70 GiB, 75161927680 bytes, 146800640 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe7f8c045
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot-part1 2048 136314879 136312832 65G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): q
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# mount -o ro,offset=1048576 /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot /mnt/tmp
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# ls -al /mnt/tmp/
total 2097308
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Jul 24 06:39 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Mar 10 2018 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 5 06:53 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 25 06:47 boot
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 dev
drwxr-xr-x 111 root root 12288 Aug 1 06:08 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 home
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Jul 24 06:39 initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Jul 24 06:39 initrd.img.old -> boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-54-generic
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 May 21 12:18 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 21 11:59 lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 2016 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 8 2016 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 25 2018 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 2016 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 proc
drwx------ 7 root root 4096 Aug 9 01:12 root
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 19 2016 run
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 May 21 12:21 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 2016 srv
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 2147483648 Mar 18 2016 swap.img
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 2016 sys
drwxrwxrwt 11 root root 40960 Aug 13 09:45 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 2016 usr
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 19 2016 var
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Jul 24 06:39 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Jul 24 06:39 vmlinuz.old -> boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-54-generic
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# umount /mnt/tmp/
root@mrGodfather:/mnt# lvremove /dev/mapper/mrGodfather-guest--mrscanner--root--snapshot
Do you really want to remove active logical volume mrGodfather/guest-mrscanner-root-snapshot? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "guest-mrscanner-root-snapshot" successfully removed
* LVM anzeigen volume groups / logical volumes:
vgdisplay
vgs
lvs
* Physical Volume in Volume Group durch neues Physical Volume austauschen wenn zB: die Platte größer wird (altes PV **/dev/mapper/md126_crypted** , neues PV **/dev/mapper/md128_crypted** , Volume Group **storage**
Vorher wurde RAID1 md Device erstellt und über cryptsetup formatiert (luksFormat) und geöffnet (luksOpen) , /dev/mapper/md128 repräsentiert das "zugriffsfähige" Blockdevice, das nun als Physical Volume erstellt wird
pvcreate /dev/mapper/md128_crypted
vgextend storage /dev/mapper/md128_crypted
root@mrGodfather:~# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/mapper/md126_crypted storage lvm2 a-- <3.64t <411.89g
/dev/mapper/md128_crypted storage lvm2 a-- <6.99t <6.99t
root@mrGodfather:~# pvmove -b --atomic /dev/mapper/md126_crypted /dev/mapper/md128_crypted
root@mrGodfather:~# lvs -a -o+devices
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move ...
guest-mrstorage-storage storage -wI-a----- 3.00t pvmove0(0)
guest-mrstorage-storage storage -wI-a----- 3.00t pvmove0(0)
[pvmove0] storage p-C-aom--- <3.24t /dev/mapper/md126_crypted 1.00 pvmove0_mimage_0(0),pvmove0_mimage_1(0)
...
root@mrGodfather:~# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/mapper/md126_crypted storage lvm2 a-- <3.64t <3.64t
/dev/mapper/md128_crypted storage lvm2 a-- <6.99t <3.75t
root@mrGodfather:~# vgreduce storage /dev/mapper/md126_crypted
Removed "/dev/mapper/md126_crypted" from volume group "storage"
root@mrGodfather:~# pvremove /dev/mapper/md126_crypted
Labels on physical volume "/dev/mapper/md126_crypted" successfully wiped.
-> check /etc/crypttab !
-> check /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
* Physical Disk **/dev/md1** zu Volume group **"master"** hinzufügen
root@master:~# pvcreate /dev/md1
Physical volume "/dev/md1" successfully created.
--- Volume group ---
VG Name master
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 11
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 6
Open LV 5
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 1.82 TiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 476899
Alloc PE / Size 403384 / 1.54 TiB
Free PE / Size 73515 / 287.17 GiB
VG UUID foo-123
root@master:~# vgextend master /dev/md1
Volume group "master" successfully extended
root@master:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name master
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 12
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 6
Open LV 5
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 5.46 TiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1430727
Alloc PE / Size 403384 / 1.54 TiB
Free PE / Size 1027343 / 3.92 TiB
VG UUID foo-123
root@master:~# vgscan
Reading volume groups from cache.
Found volume group "master" using metadata type lvm2
root@master:~# pvscan
PV /dev/md0 VG master lvm2 [1.82 TiB / 287.17 GiB free]
PV /dev/md1 VG master lvm2 [3.64 TiB / 3.64 TiB free]
Total: 2 [5.46 TiB] / in use: 2 [5.46 TiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ]
* Extends von **/dev/md0** auf **/dev/md1** auf Volume Group "master" / nur LVM **guest-file-storage** verschieben / damit Storage ausschließlich durch **/dev/md1** gehandeled wird und der Rest auf **/dev/md0**
root@master:~# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/md0 master lvm2 a-- 1.82t 0
/dev/md1 master lvm2 a-- 3.64t 2.94t
root@master:~# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
....
guest-file-storage master -wi-ao---- 1.95t
....
root@master:~# pvmove -n guest-file-storage /dev/md0 /dev/md1
/dev/md0: Moved: 0.00%
/dev/md0: Moved: 0.16%
/dev/md0: Moved: 0.31%
/dev/md0: Moved: 0.47%
....
/dev/md0: Moved: 99.88%
/dev/md0: Moved: 100.00%
root@master:~#
root@master:~# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
guest-file-storage master -wi-ao---- 1.95t
root@master:~# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/md0 master lvm2 a-- 1.82t 1.26t
/dev/md1 master lvm2 a-- 3.64t 1.69t
* Rescue Boot **volume group aktivieren**
müssen das Volume grundsätzlich anzeigen:
lvs / lvdisplay
pvdisplay / pvs
vgs /vgdisplay
aktivieren aller erkannten volume groups:
vgchange -a y
* **Merge** durchführen falls Snapshot wieder hergestellt werden soll / zB: testen von dist-upgrade darunter - Getestet unter Debian Buster / **Achtung** Snapshot Größe beachten sonst wird er automatisch gelöscht
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvcreate -L10G -s -n mrsEntenhausen-snapshot /dev/storage/guest-mrsentenhausen-root
Logical volume "mrsEntenhausen-snapshot" created.
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
...
...
mrsEntenhausen-snapshot storage swi-a-s--- 10.00g guest-mrsentenhausen-root 0.00
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# kvm status mrsEntenhausen
[....] Status VM: mrsEntenhausen is running
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
...
mrsEntenhausen-snapshot storage swi-a-s--- 10.00g guest-mrsentenhausen-root 0.40
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvconvert --merge /dev/storage/mrsEntenhausen-snapshot
Delaying merge since origin is open.
Merging of snapshot storage/mrsEntenhausen-snapshot will occur on next activation of storage/guest-mrsentenhausen-root.
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
...
...
Snapshot is gone in the list !
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# kvm stop mrsEntenhausen
[ ok ] Stopping VM: mrsEntenhausen .
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
guest-mrsentenhausen-root storage Owi-a-s--- 300.00g 5.89
root@mrGodfather:/etc/kvm# lvdisplay /dev/storage/guest-mrsentenhausen-root
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/storage/guest-mrsentenhausen-root
LV Name guest-mrsentenhausen-root
VG Name storage
LV UUID Gme1Ww-UzAT-D11p-lUSy-Nq72-52mj-TmKqIp
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time mrGodfather, 2021-09-26 13:32:24 +0200
LV snapshot status source of
mrsEntenhausen-snapshot [active]
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 300.00 GiB
Current LE 76800
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:18
Finished:
root@mrGodfather:~# lvdisplay /dev/storage/guest-mrsentenhausen-root
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/storage/guest-mrsentenhausen-root
LV Name guest-mrsentenhausen-root
VG Name storage
LV UUID Gme1Ww-UzAT-D11p-lUSy-Nq72-52mj-TmKqIp
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time mrGodfather, 2021-09-26 13:32:24 +0200
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 300.00 GiB
Current LE 76800
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:18
root@mrGodfather:~# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
..
guest-mrsentenhausen-root storage -wi-a----- 300.00g
..
root@mrGodfather:~#
* **vgmerge** eine Volume Group zur anderen "hinzufügen" / zuerst darauf achten dass volume Group storage keine verwendeten lvs hat - schlussendlich soll **mrgodfather** verbleiben
root@mrGodfather:~# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
guest-mradblock-root mrGodfather -wi-a----- 30.00g
guest-mrcloud-root mrGodfather -wi-a----- 25.00g
guest-mrdoku-root mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 200.00g
guest-mrgatekeeper-backup mrGodfather -wi-a----- 250.00g
guest-mrmail-root mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 50.00g
guest-mrmail-var mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 100.00g
guest-mrmonitoring-root mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 360.00g
guest-mrscanner-root mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 70.00g
guest-mrstorage-root mrGodfather -wi-a----- 50.00g
guest-mrwebserver-root mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 150.00g
root mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 42.59g
var mrGodfather -wi-ao---- 46.56g
guest-develop-debian-root storage -wi------- 30.00g
guest-develop-firewall-debian-root storage -wi------- 12.00g
guest-develop-openwrt-root storage -wi------- 300.00g
guest-mrcloud-storage storage -wi------- 300.00g
guest-mrgatekeeper-root storage -wi------- 128.00g
guest-mrsentenhausen-root storage -wi------- 300.00g
guest-mrstorage-storage storage -wi------- 4.17t
root@mrGodfather:~# vgmerge -t -v mrGodfather storage
root@mrGodfather:~# vgmerge -t -v mrGodfather storage
TEST MODE: Metadata will NOT be updated and volumes will not be (de)activated.
Checking for volume group "mrGodfather"
Checking for volume group "storage"
Test mode: Skipping archiving of volume group.
Test mode: Skipping archiving of volume group.
Writing out updated volume group
Test mode: Skipping backup of volume group.
Volume group "storage" successfully merged into "mrGodfather"
----
oot@mrGodfather:~# vgmerge -v mrGodfather storage
Checking for volume group "mrGodfather"
Checking for volume group "storage"
Archiving volume group "storage" metadata (seqno 135).
Archiving volume group "mrGodfather" metadata (seqno 66).
Writing out updated volume group
Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/mrGodfather" (seqno 67).
Volume group "storage" successfully merged into "mrGodfather"
---
root@mrGodfather:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name mrGodfather
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 67
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 19
Open LV 8
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 13.97 TiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 3662497
Alloc PE / Size 1719336 / <6.56 TiB
Free PE / Size 1943161 / 7.41 TiB
VG UUID keOy1u-fMi3-Wm9a-RVHG-HEfl-YglK-CtCR2K
--
root@mrGodfather:~# vgchange -a y mrGodfather
19 logical volume(s) in volume group "mrGodfather" now active
====== PHP ======
* Beispiel für eine "pipe" in PHP bei Skriptaufruf
...
#!/usr/bin/php
* glob mit oder "pattern"
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38899453/how-to-define-multiple-patterns-in-php-glob
You can use the GLOB_BRACE constant
GLOB_BRACE - Expands {a,b,c} to match 'a', 'b', or 'c'
e.g.
$dirname = 'uploads/';
glob("$dirname*.{png,jpeg,jpg,gif}", GLOB_BRACE);
See: http://php.net/manual/en/function.glob.php
====== qemu ======
* Konvertieren von RAW nach VDI (VirtualBox)
qemu-img convert -f raw -O vdi develop-firewall-debian.img develop-firewall-debian.vdi
* Oder von VDI nach RAW (offenbar gibts eine auto detection)
qemu-img convert openwrt-develop-disk1.vdi -O raw openwrt-develop1.vdi.raw
* Nested virualisierung des is nice - nasty virtualization :)
* Quote von: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.7/virt/kvm/running-nested-guests.html - Achunt in Debian Buster noch nicht per Default aktiv
..nabling “nested” (x86)
From Linux kernel v4.19 onwards, the nested KVM parameter is enabled by default for Intel and AMD. (Though your Linux distribution might override this default.)
In case you are running a Linux kernel older than v4.19, to enable nesting, set the nested KVM module parameter to Y or 1. To persist this setting across reboots, you can add it in a config file, as shown below:
On the bare metal host (L0), list the kernel modules and ensure that the KVM modules:
$ lsmod | grep -i kvm
kvm_intel 133627 0
kvm 435079 1 kvm_intel
Show information for kvm_intel module:
$ modinfo kvm_intel | grep -i nested
parm: nested:bool
For the nested KVM configuration to persist across reboots, place the below in /etc/modprobed/kvm_intel.conf (create the file if it doesn’t exist):
$ cat /etc/modprobe.d/kvm_intel.conf
options kvm-intel nested=y
Unload and re-load the KVM Intel module:
$ sudo rmmod kvm-intel
$ sudo modprobe kvm-intel
Verify if the nested parameter for KVM is enabled:
$ cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/nested
Y
For AMD hosts, the process is the same as above, except that the module name is kvm-amd.
====== boot ======
* Reset Root Password / Debugging
* Im Grub Menue beim Bootvorgang -> e -> Kernel Paramter init=/bin/bash (Achtung englische Tastatur ´ => = )
* Fortsetzen des Bootvorgangs nach erfolgtem Edit -> **exec /sbin/init**
* https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/shutting-down-after-init%3D-bin-bash-440509/
Registered: Jan 2011
Location: Abingdon, VA
Distribution: Catalina
Posts: 9,374
Blog Entries: 37
Rep: Reputation: Disabled
Quote:
Originally Posted by bts145 View Post
First you must activate the magic SysRq option:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
When you are ready to reboot the machine simply run the following:
echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger
http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/rebooting-magic-way
oder
the way, when you do init=/bin/sh (or bash), it isn't strictly necessary to reboot afterwards (well, depending on what you change I suppose), you can just do an 'exec /sbin/init' to continue the boot process. Make sure the state of the system is as it would normally be though (e.g. umount /usr, make / readonly again etc).
====== cryptsetup ======
* Interesting read **argon2id**: https://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/66429.html?thread=2120573 , https://dys2p.com/en/2023-05-luks-security.html , https://neilzone.co.uk/2023/04/updating-the-luks-key-derivation-function-on-debian/ , https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-utilize-argon2-kdf-configuration-secure-things-know-chung-mba#:~:text=%23Argon2id%20is%20much%20more%20modern,for%20CPU%20and%20RAM%20usage
* Getestet auf Debian Bookworm / ursprünglich **argon2i** / Stand der Technik (2024-03-11): **argon2id** / erfolgreicher **reboot** :)
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/crypted_partition_info --header-backup-file /tmp/header_backup_crypted_partition_info.img
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# file /tmp/header_backup_crypted_partition_info.img
/tmp/header_backup_crypted_partition_info.img: LUKS encrypted file, ver 2, header size 16384, ID 3, algo sha256, salt 0x9838482c38d968d1..., UUID: 123-123-123, crc 0xff.....
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cryptsetup luksDump /dev/nvme0n1p3
LUKS header information
Version: 2
Epoch: 3
Metadata area: 16384 [bytes]
Keyslots area: 16744448 [bytes]
UUID: 123-123-123
Label: (no label)
Subsystem: (no subsystem)
Flags: (no flags)
Data segments:
0: crypt
offset: 16777216 [bytes]
length: (whole device)
cipher: aes-xts-plain64
sector: 512 [bytes]
Keyslots:
0: luks2
Key: 512 bits
Priority: normal
Cipher: aes-xts-plain64
Cipher key: 512 bits
PBKDF: argon2i
Time cost: 4
Memory: 966868
Threads: 4
AF stripes: 4000
AF hash: sha256
Area offset:32768 [bytes]
Area length:258048 [bytes]
Digest ID: 0
Tokens:
Digests:
0: pbkdf2
Hash: sha256
Iterations: 85780
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cryptsetup luksConvertKey /dev/nvme0n1p3 --pbkdf argon2id
Enter passphrase for keyslot to be converted:
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# echo $?
0
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cryptsetup luksDump /dev/nvme0n1p3
LUKS header information
Version: 2
Epoch: 5
Metadata area: 16384 [bytes]
Keyslots area: 16744448 [bytes]
UUID: 123-123-123
Label: (no label)
Subsystem: (no subsystem)
Flags: (no flags)
Data segments:
0: crypt
offset: 16777216 [bytes]
length: (whole device)
cipher: aes-xts-plain64
sector: 512 [bytes]
Keyslots:
0: luks2
Key: 512 bits
Priority: normal
Cipher: aes-xts-plain64
Cipher key: 512 bits
PBKDF: argon2id
Time cost: 5
Memory: 1048576
Threads: 4
AF stripes: 4000
AF hash: sha256
Area offset:290816 [bytes]
Area length:258048 [bytes]
Digest ID: 0
Tokens:
Digests:
0: pbkdf2
Hash: sha256
Iterations: 85780
====== encrypted zip ======
* **Achtung** Quote aus den man files:
..
(And where security is truly important, use strong en‐
cryption such as Pretty Good Privacy instead of the relatively
weak standard encryption provided by zipfile utilities.)
..
* zip Encrypt cli:
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:/tmp$ zip -e archivename.zip file1.odt file2.odt
Enter password:
Verify password:
adding: file1.odt (deflated 3%)
adding: file2.odt (deflated 4%)
====== timezone setzen ======
* Set Time to **Europe/Vienna**
* via link **manually**
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Vienna /etc/localtime
* via **timedatectl**
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Vienna
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# timedatectl
Local time: Fri 2020-07-24 10:18:24 CEST
Universal time: Fri 2020-07-24 08:18:24 UTC
RTC time: Fri 2020-07-24 08:18:23
Time zone: Europe/Vienna (CEST, +0200)
System clock synchronized: no
NTP service: n/a
RTC in local TZ: no
====== mac manufacturer ======
* Lookup e.g. **echo "b0:5c:da:11:22:33" | cut -s -d':' -f1,2,3 --output-delimiter='-' | grep -i -f - /var/lib/ieee-data/*.txt | awk '{ $1=$2=""; print $0 }' **
* **Achtung** Abhängig vom Alter des ieee-data Pakets könnten sich die Links schon geändert haben - aktuell für MAC Vendor : http://standards-oui.ieee.org/oui.txt
Update IEEE data:
apt-get install ieee-data
update-ieee-data
WARNING: tempfile is deprecated; consider using mktemp instead.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.txt
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.txt
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/oui/oui.txt to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.txt
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.txt
/var/lib/ieee-data//oui.txt updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.txt
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.txt
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/oui28/mam.txt to /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.txt
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.txt
/var/lib/ieee-data//mam.txt updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.txt
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.txt
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/oui36/oui36.txt to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.txt
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.txt
/var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.txt updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.txt
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.txt
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/iab/iab.txt to /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.txt
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.txt
/var/lib/ieee-data//iab.txt updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.csv
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.csv
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/oui/oui.csv to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.csv
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui.csv
/var/lib/ieee-data//oui.csv updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.csv
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.csv
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/oui28/mam.csv to /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.csv
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//mam.csv
/var/lib/ieee-data//mam.csv updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.csv
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.csv
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/oui36/oui36.csv to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.csv
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.csv
/var/lib/ieee-data//oui36.csv updated.
Updating /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.csv
Checking permissions on /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.csv
Downloading https://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/iab/iab.csv to /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.csv
Checking header
Temporary location /tmp/ieee-data_E4Qc5H to be moved to /var/lib/ieee-data//iab.csv
/var/lib/ieee-data//iab.csv updated
====== letsencrypt magic ======
* apt-get install certbot
* Hostname e.g. hostname.domain.at MUSS von extern über Port 80 für Challenge/Response zur Verfügung stehen
* IP's lassen sich **NICHT** firewallen von let's encrypt - it's a feature :)
oot@firewall:/tmp# certbot certonly --webroot --webroot-path /var/www/letsencrypt/ -d hostname.domain.at
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator webroot, Installer None
Enter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices) (Enter 'c' to
cancel): support@domain.at
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please read the Terms of Service at
https://letsencrypt.org/documents/LE-SA-v1.2-November-15-2017.pdf. You must
agree in order to register with the ACME server at
https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A)gree/(C)ancel: A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Would you be willing to share your email address with the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, a founding partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profit
organization that develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about EFF and
our work to encrypt the web, protect its users and defend digital rights.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Y)es/(N)o: N
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for hostname.domain.at
Using the webroot path /var/www/letsencrypt for all unmatched domains.
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
IMPORTANT NOTES:
- Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/hostname.domain.at/fullchain.pem
Your key file has been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/hostname.domain.at/privkey.pem
Your cert will expire on 2019-03-19. To obtain a new or tweaked
version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot
again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run
"certbot renew"
- Your account credentials have been saved in your Certbot
configuration directory at /etc/letsencrypt. You should make a
secure backup of this folder now. This configuration directory will
also contain certificates and private keys obtained by Certbot so
making regular backups of this folder is ideal.
- If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt: https://letsencrypt.org/donate
Donating to EFF: https://eff.org/donate-le
root@firewall:/tmp# certbot certonly --webroot --webroot-path /var/www/letsencrypt/ -d hostname.domain.at
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator webroot, Installer None
Cert not yet due for renewal
You have an existing certificate that has exactly the same domains or certificate name you requested and isn't close to expiry.
(ref: /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/hostname.domain.at.conf)
What would you like to do?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1: Keep the existing certificate for now
2: Renew & replace the cert (limit ~5 per 7 days)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Select the appropriate number [1-2] then [enter] (press 'c' to cancel): c
Operation canceled. You may re-run the client.
root@firewall:/tmp# certbot renew --quiet --post-hook "service apache2 restart"
root@firewall:/tmp# echo $?
0
* Update Keysize bei rsa spezifizieren zB: **4096 bit Key** : certbot renew --quiet **--rsa-key-size 4096** --post-hook "service apache2 restart"
====== cisco land ======
===== Basics =====
-User-Exec-Modus (>)-> Privileged Exec Modus (#) mit enable
-Hostname #-> configure terminal -> hostname foo
-Bannernachricht: #->configure terminal-> banner motd #Message of the day#
-EXEC-Modus Passwort:#-> configure terminal -> line console 0 -> password foo -> login -> end
-Privilegierter Modus:#-> configure terminal -> enable secret foo -> exit
-Sicherung des VTY-Leitungszugriff: configure terminal -> line vty 0 15 -> password foo -> login -> end
-show startup-config / show running-config -> copy running-config startup-config
-reload
-erase startup-config
-Switch Virtual Interface: configure terminal -> interface vlan 1 -> ip address ip netz -> no shutdown
-IP Info lokale Interfaces: # show ip interface brief
* Offizielle Cisco CLI Reference (https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/fundamentals/command/reference/cf_book.pdf) : {{ :know-how:cisco_cli_reference.pdf |}}
* Basic Switch Configuration - direkter quota aus dem Cisco CCNA:
To configure the device name for R1, use the following commands.
Router> enable
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# hostname foo
foo(config)#
foo(config)# enable secret class
foo(config)#
foo(config)# line console 0
foo(config-line)# password cisco
foo(config-line)# login
foo(config-line)# exit
foo(config)#
foo(config)# line vty 0 4
foo(config-line)# password cisco
foo(config-line)# login
foo(config-line)# transport input ssh telnet
foo(config-line)# exit
foo(config)#
foo(config)# service password-encryption
foo(config)#
foo(config)# banner motd # foo Message #
foo(config)#
foo# copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
foo#
===== IP Assignment =====
* Basic IP Assignment Interfaces:
foo> enable
foo# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z.
foo(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0
foo(config-if)# description Link to LAN
foo(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
foo(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:10::1/64
foo(config-if)# no shutdown
foo(config-if)# exit
foo(config)#
*Aug 1 01:43:53.435: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to down
*Aug 1 01:43:56.447: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to up
*Aug 1 01:43:57.447: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to up
foo(config)#
foo(config)#
foo(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/1
foo(config-if)# description Link to R2
foo(config-if)# ip address 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.252
foo(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:feed:224::1/64
foo(config-if)# no shutdown
foo(config-if)# exit
foo(config)#
*Aug 1 01:46:29.170: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1, changed state to down
*Aug 1 01:46:32.171: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1, changed state to up
*Aug 1 01:46:33.171: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1, changed state to up
foo(config)#
* Default Gateway:
ip default-gateway ip-address in global configuration
* Routing: ** ip route ** {{ :know-how:ip_route_commands.pdf |}} (https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/nfvis/switch_command/b-nfvis-switch-command-reference/ip_route_commands.pdf)
* IPV6 enable: ipv6 unicast-routing
ip route
To establish static routes, use the ip route command in switch configuration mode. To remove static routes,
use the no form of this command.
ip route prefix mask ip-address [metric-value]
no ip route prefix mask ip-address
Syntax Description Specifies the IP route prefix for the destination.prefix
Specifies the prefix mask for the destination.mask
Specifies the IP address of the next hop that can be used to reach that network.ip-address
Specifies the metric of the route. The default metric is 6. Valid range is from 1–255
* Differences between svi and routed port (https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/s/question/0D53i00000KsoxbCAB/switching-routed-ports-and-switched-virtual-interfaces-svis)
SVI's support both routing and switching protocols, while routed ports do not support any layer 2 protocols (STP). An SVI is created by the interface VLAN command while a routed port by using the no switchport command in interface configuration mode.
===== SSH Server aktivieren =====
* 1024 bit Key / Username **Bob** mit passwort **cisco** / FIXME Public Keys akzeptieren , Passwort Login deaktivieren
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)# ip domain name span.com
R1(config)# crypto key generate rsa general-keys modulus 1024
The name for the keys will be: Rl.span.com % The key modulus size is 1024 bits
% Generating 1024 bit RSA keys, keys will be non-exportable...[OK]
Dec 13 16:19:12.079: %SSH-5-ENABLED: SSH 1.99 has been enabled
R1(config)#
R1(config)# username Bob secret cisco
R1(config)# line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)# login local
R1(config-line)# transport input ssh
R1(config-line)# exit
R1(config)#
===== netstat / Dienste deaktivieren =====
* **Achtung** Quote von Cisco
Router# show ip ports all
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program Name
TCB Local Address Foreign Address (state)
tcp :::443 :::* LISTEN 309/[IOS]HTTP CORE
tcp *:443 *:* LISTEN 309/[IOS]HTTP CORE
udp *:67 0.0.0.0:0 387/[IOS]DHCPD Receive
Router#
IOS versions prior to IOS-XE use the show control-plane host open-ports command. We mention this command because you may see it on older devices. The output is similar. However, notice that this older router has an insecure HTTP server and Telnet running. Both of these services should be disabled. As shown in the example, disable HTTP with the no ip http server global configuration command. Disable Telnet by specifying only SSH in the line configuration command, transport input ssh.
Router# show control-plane host open-ports
Active internet connections (servers and established)
Prot Local Address Foreign Address Service State
tcp *:23 *:0 Telnet LISTEN
tcp *:80 *:0 HTTP CORE LISTEN
udp *:67 *:0 DHCPD Receive LISTEN
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# no ip http server
Router(config)# line vty 0 15
Router(config-line)# transport input ssh
===== show / infos anzeigen =====
show running-config
To verify the current configuration and settings
show interfaces
To verify the interface status and see if there are any error messages
show ip interface
To verify the Layer 3 information of an interface
show arp
To verify the list of known hosts on the local Ethernet LANs
show ip route
To verify the Layer 3 routing information
show protocols
To verify which protocols are operational
show version
To verify the memory, interfaces, and licences of the device
====== sed ======
* Regex Search and Replace alle matches e.g.
sed -E "s/REGEX_SEARCH/REPLACE/g"