know-how:linux
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Read Only Root
- Getestet mit Debian Buster
Overlayfs von Ubuntu
- Funktioniert grundsätzlich „out of the box“
est mit overlaoverlayroot Paket von Ubuntu
wget http://mirrors.kernel.org/ubuntu/pool/main/c/cloud-initramfs-tools/overlayroot_0.45ubuntu1_all.deb
root@mrWorkstation:~# dpkg -i overlayroot_0.45ubuntu1_all.deb
(Reading database ... 90093 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack overlayroot_0.45ubuntu1_all.deb ...
Unpacking overlayroot (0.45ubuntu1) over (0.45ubuntu1) ...
Setting up overlayroot (0.45ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.5-2) ...
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.133+deb10u1) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.19.0-16-amd64
cryptsetup: WARNING: The initramfs image may not contain cryptsetup binaries
nor crypto modules. If that's on purpose, you may want to uninstall the
'cryptsetup-initramfs' package in order to disable the cryptsetup initramfs
integration and avoid this warning.
---
Warning tritt auf weil in meinem Testbeispiel kein cryptsetup benutzt wird / Für das Ubuntu Paket ist es jedoch eine Abhängigkeit (cryptsetup-initramfs)
root@mrWorkstation:~# echo "overlay" >> /etc/initramfs-tools/modules
Overlay ist grundsätzlich ein Kernel Module für overlayfs:
root@mrWorkstation:~# modprobe overlay
root@mrWorkstation:~# lsmod | grep -i overlay
overlay 131072 0
----
Overlayroot deaktiviert d.h. overlayroot="disabled":
root@mrWorkstation:~# grep -v ^# /etc/overlayroot.conf
overlayroot_cfgdisk="disabled"
overlayroot="disabled"
Overlayroot aktivieren d.h. overlayroot="tmpfs":
root@mrWorkstation:~# grep -v ^# /etc/overlayroot.conf
overlayroot_cfgdisk="disabled"
overlayroot="tmpfs:recurse=0"
reboot
----
Overlayroot aktiv:
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 395M 5.8M 389M 2% /run
/dev/sda1 20G 2.7G 16G 15% /media/root-ro
tmpfs-root 2.0G 6.3M 2.0G 1% /media/root-rw
overlayroot 2.0G 6.3M 2.0G 1% /
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 395M 4.0K 395M 1% /run/user/108
tmpfs 395M 12K 395M 1% /run/user/1000
user@mrWorkstation:~$ touch test123
user@mrWorkstation:~$ ls -al test123
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 0 Apr 29 11:18 test123
reboot
user@mrWorkstation:~$ ls -al test123
ls: cannot access 'test123': No such file or directory
user@mrWorkstation:~$
----
user@mrWorkstation:~$ su -
Password:
root@mrWorkstation:~# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
└─sda1 8:1 0 20G 0 part /media/root-ro
sr0 11:0 1 58.2M 0 rom
root@mrWorkstation:~# mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda1 /media/root-ro/
root@mrWorkstation:~# touch /media/root-ro/home/user/test123
reboot
user@mrWorkstation:~$ ls -al test123
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 29 11:20 test123
---
bilibop
root@mrWorkstation:~# apt-get install search bilibop-lockfs Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done E: Unable to locate package search root@mrWorkstation:~# apt-get install bilibop-lockfs Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: bilibop-common Suggested packages: bilibop-device-policy lvm2 aufs-dkms gnome-icon-theme libnotify-bin The following NEW packages will be installed: bilibop-common bilibop-lockfs 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 124 kB of archives. After this operation, 310 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y user@mrWorkstation:~$ cat /etc/bilibop/bilibop.conf # /etc/bilibop/bilibop.conf # Global configuration file for bilibop-* packages. For a comprehensive list # of possible default or custom settings, read the bilibop.conf(5) manpage, # and see the examples provided by each concerned bilibop-* package in # /usr/share/doc/bilibop-*/examples/bilibop.conf BILIBOP_LOCKFS="true" reboot user@mrWorkstation:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev tmpfs 395M 5.8M 389M 2% /run tmpfs 2.0G 5.9M 2.0G 1% /overlay /dev/sda1 20G 2.7G 16G 15% /overlay/ro overlay 2.0G 5.9M 2.0G 1% / tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 395M 12K 395M 1% /run/user/1000 root@mrWorkstation:~# mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda1 /overlay/ro/ mount: /overlay/ro: cannot remount /dev/sda1 read-write, is write-protected. reboot -> im grub menü bei den kernel paramtern -> nolockfs user@mrWorkstation:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev tmpfs 395M 5.8M 389M 2% /run /dev/sda1 20G 2.7G 16G 15% / tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 395M 12K 395M 1% /run/user/1000 whitelist devices zB: /boot /var user@mrWorkstation:~$ cat /etc/bilibop/bilibop.conf # /etc/bilibop/bilibop.conf # Global configuration file for bilibop-* packages. For a comprehensive list # of possible default or custom settings, read the bilibop.conf(5) manpage, # and see the examples provided by each concerned bilibop-* package in # /usr/share/doc/bilibop-*/examples/bilibop.conf BILIBOP_LOCKFS="true" BILIBOP_LOCKFS_WHITELIST="/var /boot"
Manuell - ROOT Read Only
Ziel des ganzen näher definieren Tamper Protection ?- home r/w wegen XFCE bzw. Xserver Logins
root@mrWorkstation:~# cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=b9eff194-fb64-42a9-88d0-27f7a9475526 / ext4 ro,errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /boot was on /dev/sda3 during installation UUID=1606e738-3b31-4423-9658-ff87d41f4427 /boot ext4 defaults,ro 0 2 # /var was on /dev/sda2 during installation UUID=2372c780-d18e-4b99-9677-ec5ea0e3249d /var ext4 defaults 0 2 /dev/sda4 /home ext4 defaults tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,size=100M 0 0
- Basierend auf http://wiki.psuter.ch/doku.php?id=solve_raspbian_sd_card_corruption_issues_with_read-only_mounted_root_partition / Getestet auf Debian Buster /sbin/overlayRoot.sh / beim booten init=/sbin/overlayRoot.sh angeben und testen
- /dev/default/grub
root@mrWorkstation:~# grep -i cmdline_linux_default /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="init=/sbin/overlayRoot.sh"
- /sbin/overlayRoot.sh
#!/bin/bash
# Read-only Root-FS for Raspian using overlayfs
# Version 1.1
#
# Version History:
# 1.0: initial release
# 1.1: adopted new fstab style with PARTUUID. the script will now look for a /dev/xyz definiton first
# (old raspbian), if that is not found, it will look for a partition with LABEL=rootfs, if that
# is not found it look for a PARTUUID string in fstab for / and convert that to a device name
# using the blkid command.
#
# Created 2017 by Pascal Suter @ DALCO AG, Switzerland to work on Raspian as custom init script
# (raspbian does not use an initramfs on boot)
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see
# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
#
# Tested with Raspbian mini, 2018-10-09
#
# This script will mount the root filesystem read-only and overlay it with a temporary tempfs
# which is read-write mounted. This is done using the overlayFS which is part of the linux kernel
# since version 3.18.
# when this script is in use, all changes made to anywhere in the root filesystem mount will be lost
# upon reboot of the system. The SD card will only be accessed as read-only drive, which significantly
# helps to prolong its life and prevent filesystem coruption in environments where the system is usually
# not shut down properly
#
# Install:
# copy this script to /sbin/overlayRoot.sh, make it executable and add "init=/sbin/overlayRoot.sh" to the
# cmdline.txt file in the raspbian image's boot partition.
# I strongly recommend to disable swapping before using this. it will work with swap but that just does
# not make sens as the swap file will be stored in the tempfs which again resides in the ram.
# run these commands on the booted raspberry pi BEFORE you set the init=/sbin/overlayRoot.sh boot option:
# sudo dphys-swapfile swapoff
# sudo dphys-swapfile uninstall
# sudo update-rc.d dphys-swapfile remove
#
# To install software, run upgrades and do other changes to the raspberry setup, simply remove the init=
# entry from the cmdline.txt file and reboot, make the changes, add the init= entry and reboot once more.
fail(){
echo -e "$1"
/bin/bash
}
# load module
modprobe overlay
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
fail "ERROR: missing overlay kernel module"
fi
#2021-05-12 cc: debian is managing proc
#mount /proc
#mount -t proc proc /proc
#if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
# fail "ERROR: could not mount proc"
#fi
# create a writable fs to then create our mountpoints
mount -t tmpfs inittemp /mnt
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
fail "ERROR: could not create a temporary filesystem to mount the base filesystems for overlayfs"
fi
mkdir /mnt/lower
mkdir /mnt/rw
mount -t tmpfs root-rw /mnt/rw
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
fail "ERROR: could not create tempfs for upper filesystem"
fi
mkdir /mnt/rw/upper
mkdir /mnt/rw/work
mkdir /mnt/newroot
rootDev="/dev/sda1"
[[ -b "$rootDev" ]] || fail "$rootDev cannot be found change it manually"
#2021-05-12 cc: Removed all the magic to find root device / nevertheless it needs to be specified manually now !
mount -o ro "$rootDev" /mnt/lower
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
fail "ERROR: could not ro-mount original root partition"
fi
mount -t overlay -o lowerdir=/mnt/lower,upperdir=/mnt/rw/upper,workdir=/mnt/rw/work overlayfs-root /mnt/newroot
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
fail "ERROR: could not mount overlayFS"
fi
# create mountpoints inside the new root filesystem-overlay
mkdir /mnt/newroot/ro
mkdir /mnt/newroot/rw
# remove root mount from fstab (this is already a non-permanent modification)
grep -v "$rootDev" /mnt/lower/etc/fstab > /mnt/newroot/etc/fstab
echo "#the original root mount has been removed by overlayRoot.sh" >> /mnt/newroot/etc/fstab
echo "#this is only a temporary modification, the original fstab" >> /mnt/newroot/etc/fstab
echo "#stored on the disk can be found in /ro/etc/fstab" >> /mnt/newroot/etc/fstab
# change to the new overlay root
cd /mnt/newroot
pivot_root . mnt
exec chroot . sh -c "$(cat <<END
# move ro and rw mounts to the new root
mount --move /mnt/mnt/lower/ /ro
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "ERROR: could not move ro-root into newroot"
/bin/bash
fi
mount --move /mnt/mnt/rw /rw
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "ERROR: could not move tempfs rw mount into newroot"
/bin/bash
fi
# unmount unneeded mounts so we can unmout the old readonly root
umount /mnt/mnt
umount /mnt/proc
umount /mnt/dev
umount /mnt
# continue with regular init
exec /sbin/init
END
)"
X2Go
- Getestet mit Debian Buster (Server)
- Getestet mit Debian Buster (Client)
X2GO - Server
- Installation aus den vorhandenen Debian Repositories
- OpenSSH ist installiert, konfiguriert (ausschließlich Key Login) und läuft - Kommunikation läuft über SSH
- XFCE läuft auf dem Server als grafische Oberfläche
- apt-get install x2goserver
. apt-get install x2goserver root@debian:~# apt-get install x2goserver Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: bc gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-freedesktop gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcapture-tiny-perl libconfig-simple-perl libdata-dump-perl libdbd-pg-perl libdbd-sqlite3-perl libdbi-perl libencode-locale-perl libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfile-which-perl libfont-afm-perl libfs6 libgirepository-1.0-1 libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libio-stringy-perl libipc-system-simple-perl liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libnet-dbus-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnx-x11-6 libpangoxft-1.0-0 libpq5 libswitch-perl libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl libx2go-config-perl libx2go-log-perl libx2go-server-db-perl libx2go-server-perl libx2go-utils-perl libxcomp3 libxcompshad3 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl net-tools nx-x11-common nxagent perl-openssl-defaults psmisc pwgen python3-gi sshfs x11-xfs-utils x2goserver-common x2goserver-extensions x2goserver-fmbindings x2goserver-printing x2goserver-x2goagent x2goserver-xsession xdg-utils Suggested packages: libdigest-hmac-perl libgssapi-perl libclone-perl libmldbm-perl libnet-daemon-perl libsql-statement-perl libcrypt-ssleay-perl libauthen-ntlm-perl libunicode-map8-perl libunicode-string-perl xml-twig-tools rdesktop cups-x2go The following NEW packages will be installed: bc gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-freedesktop gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcapture-tiny-perl libconfig-simple-perl libdata-dump-perl libdbd-pg-perl libdbd-sqlite3-perl libdbi-perl libencode-locale-perl libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfile-which-perl libfont-afm-perl libfs6 libgirepository-1.0-1 libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libio-stringy-perl libipc-system-simple-perl liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libnet-dbus-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnx-x11-6 libpangoxft-1.0-0 libpq5 libswitch-perl libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl libx2go-config-perl libx2go-log-perl libx2go-server-db-perl libx2go-server-perl libx2go-utils-perl libxcomp3 libxcompshad3 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl net-tools nx-x11-common nxagent perl-openssl-defaults psmisc pwgen python3-gi sshfs x11-xfs-utils x2goserver x2goserver-common x2goserver-extensions x2goserver-fmbindings x2goserver-printing x2goserver-x2goagent x2goserver-xsession xdg-utils 0 upgraded, 81 newly installed, 0 to remove and 36 not upgraded. Need to get 9,454 kB of archives. After this operation, 28.2 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y ....
- Achtung Bei Linux Mint Server - konnte mich nicht verbinden
https://x2go-dev.x2go.narkive.com/zd4sA6FJ/x2go-client-session-kicks-user-back-to-the-session-login-screen I had a similar issue while connecting from X2Go Client v. 4.0.5.0 on MS Windows to X2Go Server v. 4.0.1.19-0~1064~ubuntu14.04.1 on Linux Mint 17.2 (using MATE session): the user was kicked back to the session login screen. The problem was in the .Xauthority* files in the user's home directory on the server side. One of the files was owned by the root, which was a problem. The user solved the issue by running the following command on the X2Go server: sudo rm ~/.Xauthority* Hope this helps. -- rpr.
X2GO - Client
- Installation Client aus den offiziellen Debian Repositories apt-get install x2goclient
- SSH Key für den Zugriff auf den User wurde per Agent geladen
- x2goclient
- Um per Remote Support geben zu können wie bei zB: Teamviewer - zum lokalen Desktop verbinden, insofern der lokale Benutzer aktuell eine Session hat
RAID6 + LVM + Debian
- Getestet auf Debian Buster in Virtualbox VM mit 4 Platten / BIOS kein UEFI
- Ausfall von bis zu 2 beliebigen Platten möglich
- RAID6 → pvcreate → volume Group → 1x Logical Volume für ROOT
- Die Partitionen werden für linux software raid verwendet
- Die zuvor spezifizierten linux software raid Partitionen werden zu einem RAID6 zusammen gefasst
- Das durch den installer erstellte md0 Device wird für LVM verwendet
- In diesem Beispiel gibt es eine root logical volume für das root Dateisystem (ext4) als Einhängpunkt
- Nach dem ersten erfolgreichen booten wird der grub noch auf jeder Platte installiert und gewartet bis das RAID6 gesynced ist
- Beim Ausfall von 2 Platten und reboot findet er offenbar für kurze Zeit die volume Group nicht / möglicherweise wird in dieser Zeitspanne die Parity berechnet für die „Daten“
- 2 platten fehlen und es läuft :
- Reattachen der zuvor „defekten“ Platten mdadm –manage –add /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 und recovery beginnt
Android
- Dateien vom Smartphone auf Notebook kopieren (Debian Buster / backports Kernel 5.8 apt-get install jmtpfs )
- Getestet auf Android 10 / Nokia 7 / USB Dateiübertragung aktiviert (Dieses Gerät/Dateiübertragung)
root@mrWhiteGhost:/mnt# jmtpfs -l Device 0 (VID=2e04 and PID=c025) is a Nokia 6. Available devices (busLocation, devNum, productId, vendorId, product, vendor): 1, 25, 0xc025, 0x2e04, 6, Nokia root@mrWhiteGhost:/mnt# jmtpfs /mnt/tmp/ Device 0 (VID=2e04 and PID=c025) is a Nokia 6. Android device detected, assigning default bug flags root@mrWhiteGhost:/mnt# ls -al /mnt/tmp/ total 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 . drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:20 .. drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 'Interner gemeinsamer Speicher' root@mrWhiteGhost:/mnt# umount tmp root@mrWhiteGhost:/mnt# ls -al /mnt/tmp/ total 8 drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:19 . drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:20 ..
wireguard
- Getestet auf Debian Buster mit Backports kernel (apt-get -t buster-backports install wireguard) - auch auf Kernel achten gegenwärtig 5.5.0-0.bpo.2-amd64
- Use Case ist mein Smartphone auf dem ich Wireguard testen will um meine Mails zu checken / IMAP und SMTPS sollen nur mehr über VPN erreichbar sein um die Angriffsfläche auf die Infrastruktur zu reduzieren
- Kernel Module müssen für Ubuntu 20.04 NICHT gebaut werden d.h. keine build-tools Abhängigkeiten
Server
- Keys erstellen ähnlich zu SSH d.h. aus dem Private Key kann er den Public Key ableiten
- Das Verzeichnis in dem die Keys liegen ist ausschließlich root zugänglich (chmod 700)
wg genkey > server_key.key wg genkey > smartphone_key.key wg pubkey > server_public.key < server_key.key wg pubkey > smartphone_public.key < smartphone_key.key
- /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
[Interface] Address = 10.0.181.3/24 ListenPort = 51820 PrivateKey = PRIVATE_KEY PostUp = iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE PostDown = iptables -t nat -F [Peer] PublicKey = PUBLIC_KEY AllowedIPs = 10.0.181.4
- ip addr ls wg0
- Quasi der Server Peering Point ist die 10.0.181.3 und für den Peer d.h. mein Smartphone erlaube ich die 10.0.181.4
root@wireguard:~# ip addr ls wg0
3: wg0: <POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1420 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/none
inet 10.0.181.3/24 scope global wg0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
- Konfiguration aktivieren und deaktivieren
root@wireguard:~# wg-quick up wg0 [#] ip link add wg0 type wireguard [#] wg setconf wg0 /dev/fd/63 [#] ip -4 address add 10.0.181.3/24 dev wg0 [#] ip link set mtu 1420 up dev wg0 [#] iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE root@wireguard:~# wg-quick down wg0 [#] ip link delete dev wg0 [#] iptables -t nat -F
- systemd Konfiguration
systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0.service systemctl stop wg-quick@wg0.service systemctl start wg-quick@wg0.service
- Debugging aktivieren für Logging
- vim /usr/bin/wg-quick +11
#2020-05-11 cc: Enable kernel debugging get debugging info /usr/sbin/modprobe wireguard && echo module wireguard +p > /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control
- Debugging - wie ist der Connection Status ?
root@monitoring:# wg show all interface: wg0 public key: PUBLIC_KEY_SERVER private key: (hidden) listening port: 64820 peer: PUBLIC_KEY_CLIENT endpoint: IP:5750 allowed ips: IPS_NETWORKS... latest handshake: 42 seconds ago transfer: 1.17 GiB received, 56.45 MiB sent
Client
- Smartphone - Android 10
- 10.0.24.244 - DNS Server für das Resolving der IMAP/SMTPS Hostnamen von Pannonia IT
- 10.0.24.249 - Interner Mailserver zum Abrufen der Mails
- 10.0.181.4 - „Meine Peering Point“ IP Adresse auf dem Smartphone
- wg-smartphone.conf
[Interface] #Mein "Peering Point" am Smartphone Address = 10.0.181.4/32 PrivateKey = MEIN_PRIVATE_KEY_SMARTPHONE [Peer] AllowedIPs = COMING_FROM_REMOTE e.g. 10.0.24.244 #Wireguard Server Adress Endpoint = gateway.foo.bar:PORT PublicKey = PUBLIC_KEY_VOM_SERVER
gvm - openvas
- GVM Installation auf Kali Linux
- Im wesentlichne nach der installation von gvm / immerwieder gvm-check-setup ausführen und sukzessive Vorschläge durchführen / Der User muss für GVMD_DATA d.h. die Default Portlisten und Default Scankonfigurationen gelinkt werden
└─# apt-get install gvm
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
doc-base dvisvgm fonts-droid-fallback fonts-lmodern fonts-noto-mono
fonts-texgyre fonts-urw-base35 gnutls-bin greenbone-security-assistant
greenbone-security-assistant-common gvm-tools gvmd gvmd-common
libapache-pom-java libcommons-logging-java libcommons-parent-java
libfontbox-java libgnutls-dane0 libgnutls30 libgs9 libgs9-common libgvm21
libhiredis0.14 libical3 libijs-0.35 libjbig2dec0 libjemalloc2 libkpathsea6
liblua5.1-0 liblzf1 libmicrohttpd12 libpaper-utils libpaper1 libpdfbox-java
libptexenc1 libradcli4 libsynctex2 libteckit0 libtexlua53 libtexluajit2
libunbound8 libuuid-perl libyaml-tiny-perl libzzip-0-13 lmodern lua-bitop
lua-cjson openvas-scanner ospd-openvas preview-latex-style
python3-deprecated python3-gvm python3-ospd python3-psutil python3-wrapt
redis-server redis-tools t1utils tcl tex-common tex-gyre texlive-base
texlive-binaries texlive-fonts-recommended texlive-latex-base
texlive-latex-extra texlive-latex-recommended texlive-pictures
texlive-plain-generic tipa tk tk8.6 xml-twig-tools
Suggested packages:
dhelp | dwww | dochelp | doc-central | yelp | khelpcenter fonts-noto
fonts-freefont-otf | fonts-freefont-ttf libavalon-framework-java
libcommons-logging-java-doc libexcalibur-logkit-java liblog4j1.2-java
dns-root-data pnscan strobe python-gvm-doc python-psutil-doc ruby-redis
debhelper ghostscript gv | postscript-viewer perl-tk xpdf | pdf-viewer xzdec
texlive-fonts-recommended-doc texlive-latex-base-doc icc-profiles
libfile-which-perl libspreadsheet-parseexcel-perl texlive-latex-extra-doc
texlive-latex-recommended-doc texlive-luatex texlive-pstricks dot2tex prerex
ruby-tcltk | libtcltk-ruby texlive-pictures-doc vprerex
The following NEW packages will be installed:
doc-base dvisvgm fonts-droid-fallback fonts-lmodern fonts-noto-mono
fonts-texgyre fonts-urw-base35 gnutls-bin greenbone-security-assistant
greenbone-security-assistant-common gvm gvm-tools gvmd gvmd-common
libapache-pom-java libcommons-logging-java libcommons-parent-java
libfontbox-java libgnutls-dane0 libgs9 libgs9-common libgvm21 libhiredis0.14
libical3 libijs-0.35 libjbig2dec0 libjemalloc2 libkpathsea6 liblua5.1-0
liblzf1 libmicrohttpd12 libpaper-utils libpaper1 libpdfbox-java libptexenc1
libradcli4 libsynctex2 libteckit0 libtexlua53 libtexluajit2 libunbound8
libuuid-perl libyaml-tiny-perl libzzip-0-13 lmodern lua-bitop lua-cjson
openvas-scanner ospd-openvas preview-latex-style python3-deprecated
python3-gvm python3-ospd python3-psutil python3-wrapt redis-server
redis-tools t1utils tcl tex-common tex-gyre texlive-base texlive-binaries
texlive-fonts-recommended texlive-latex-base texlive-latex-extra
texlive-latex-recommended texlive-pictures texlive-plain-generic tipa tk
tk8.6 xml-twig-tools
The following packages will be upgraded:
libgnutls30
1 upgraded, 73 newly installed, 0 to remove and 152 not upgraded.
Need to get 162 MB of archives.
After this operation, 513 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
......
└─# gvm-check-setup
gvm-check-setup 21.4.0
Test completeness and readiness of GVM-21.4.0
Step 1: Checking OpenVAS (Scanner)...
OK: OpenVAS Scanner is present in version 21.4.0.
ERROR: No CA certificate file for Server found.
FIX: Run 'sudo runuser -u _gvm -- gvm-manage-certs -a -f'.
ERROR: Your GVM-21.4.0 installation is not yet complete!
Please follow the instructions marked with FIX above and run this
script again.
└─# sudo runuser -u _gvm -- gvm-manage-certs -a -f
Generated private key in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/cakey.pem.
Generated self signed certificate in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/cacert.pem.
Installed private key to /var/lib/gvm/private/CA/cakey.pem.
Installed certificate to /var/lib/gvm/CA/cacert.pem.
Generated private key in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/serverkey.pem.
Generated certificate request in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/serverrequest.pem.
Signed certificate request in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/serverrequest.pem with CA certificate in /var/lib/gvm/CA/cacert.pem to generate certificate in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/servercert.pem
Installed private key to /var/lib/gvm/private/CA/serverkey.pem.
Installed certificate to /var/lib/gvm/CA/servercert.pem.
Generated private key in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/clientkey.pem.
Generated certificate request in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/clientrequest.pem.
Signed certificate request in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/clientrequest.pem with CA certificate in /var/lib/gvm/CA/cacert.pem to generate certificate in /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF/clientcert.pem
Installed private key to /var/lib/gvm/private/CA/clientkey.pem.
Installed certificate to /var/lib/gvm/CA/clientcert.pem.
Removing temporary directory /tmp/tmp.kH78RE5WFF.
----
Achtung bei Kali werden die Services nach der Installation per Default NICHT gestartet im Gegensatz zu Ubuntu/Debian
systemctl enable ospd-openvas
systemctl enable gvmd
systemctl enable greenbone-security-assistant
systemctl enable redis-server
┌──(root💀mrScanner)-[~]
└─# systemctl start redis-server@openvas.service 1 ⨯
----
└─# gvm-check-setup
gvm-check-setup 21.4.0
Test completeness and readiness of GVM-21.4.0
Step 1: Checking OpenVAS (Scanner)...
OK: OpenVAS Scanner is present in version 21.4.0.
OK: Server CA Certificate is present as /var/lib/gvm/CA/servercert.pem.
Checking permissions of /var/lib/openvas/gnupg/*
OK: _gvm owns all files in /var/lib/openvas/gnupg
OK: redis-server is present.
OK: scanner (db_address setting) is configured properly using the redis-server socket: /var/run/redis-openvas/redis-server.sock
OK: redis-server is running and listening on socket: /var/run/redis-openvas/redis-server.sock.
OK: redis-server configuration is OK and redis-server is running.
OK: _gvm owns all files in /var/lib/openvas/plugins
ERROR: The NVT collection is very small.
FIX: Run the synchronization script greenbone-nvt-sync.
sudo runuser -u _gvm -- greenbone-nvt-sync.
ERROR: Your GVM-21.4.0 installation is not yet complete!
Please follow the instructions marked with FIX above and run this
script again.
------
Scan Konfigurationen sind auch "Feeds"
_gvm@mrScanner:/root$ gvmd --get-scanners
08b69003-5fc2-4037-a479-93b440211c73 OpenVAS /var/run/ospd/ospd.sock 0 OpenVAS Default
6acd0832-df90-11e4-b9d5-28d24461215b CVE 0 CVE
_gvm@mrScanner:/root$ gvmd --get-users
gvmadmin
_gvm@mrScanner:/root$ gvmd --get-users --verbose
gvmadmin 9246883f-2c90-4e46-8653-934f91a706e5
_gvm@mrScanner:/root$ gvmd --modify-scanner 08b69003-5fc2-4037-a479-93b440211c73 --value 9246883f-2c90-4e46-8653-934f91a706e5
Scanner modified.
----
runuser -u _gvm -- greenbone-feed-sync --type GVMD_DATA
...
....
21.10/port_lists/all-tcp-and-nmap-top-100-udp-730ef368-57e2-11e1-a90f-406186ea4fc5.xml
10,268 100% 8.95kB/s 0:00:01 (xfr#60, to-chk=6/79)
21.10/report_formats/
21.10/report_formats/anonymous-xml-5057e5cc-b825-11e4-9d0e-28d24461215b.xml
10,940 100% 9.52kB/s 0:00:01 (xfr#61, to-chk=5/79)
21.10/report_formats/csv-results-c1645568-627a-11e3-a660-406186ea4fc5.xml
22,893 100% 19.91kB/s 0:00:01 (xfr#62, to-chk=4/79)
21.10/report_formats/itg-77bd6c4a-1f62-11e1-abf0-406186ea4fc5.xml
4,716 100% 4.10kB/s 0:00:01 (xfr#63, to-chk=3/79)
21.10/report_formats/pdf-c402cc3e-b531-11e1-9163-406186ea4fc5.xml
95,864 100% 65.01kB/s 0:00:01 (xfr#64, to-chk=2/79)
21.10/report_formats/txt-a3810a62-1f62-11e1-9219-406186ea4fc5.xml
57,524 100% 348.92kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#65, to-chk=1/79)
21.10/report_formats/xml-a994b278-1f62-11e1-96ac-406186ea4fc5.xml
2,190 100% 6.77kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#66, to-chk=0/79)
...
..
-----------
└─# runuser -u _gvm -- gvmd --get-users --verbose
gvmadmin 9246883f-2c90-4e46-8653-934f91a706e5
┌──(root💀mrScanner)-[~]
└─# runuser -u _gvm -- gvmd --modify-setting 78eceaec-3385-11ea-b237-28d24461215b --value 9246883f-2c90-4e46-8653-934f91a706e5
┌──(root💀mrScanner)-[~]
└─# echo $?
--------
└─# /usr/bin/gvm-feed-update
....
....
See https://community.greenbone.net for details.
By using this service you agree to our terms and conditions.
Only one sync per time, otherwise the source ip will be temporarily blocked.
receiving incremental file list
timestamp
13 100% 12.70kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=0/1)
sent 43 bytes received 114 bytes 104.67 bytes/sec
total size is 13 speedup is 0.08
Greenbone community feed server - http://feed.community.greenbone.net/
This service is hosted by Greenbone Networks - http://www.greenbone.net/
All transactions are logged.
If you have any questions, please use the Greenbone community portal.
See https://community.greenbone.net for details.
By using this service you agree to our terms and conditions.
Only one sync per time, otherwise the source ip will be temporarily blocked.
receiving incremental file list
./
CB-K19.xml
4,136,577 100% 171.52MB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=21/29)
CB-K21.xml
1,990,639 100% 12.66MB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#2, to-chk=19/29)
dfn-cert-2020.xml
3,659,131 100% 18.97MB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#3, to-chk=5/29)
dfn-cert-2021.xml
1,770,822 100% 8.62MB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#4, to-chk=4/29)
sha1sums
1,419 100% 7.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#5, to-chk=3/29)
sha256sums
2,019 100% 9.91kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#6, to-chk=2/29)
sha256sums.asc
819 100% 4.02kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#7, to-chk=1/29)
timestamp
13 100% 0.06kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#8, to-chk=0/29)
sent 40,423 bytes received 130,573 bytes 341,992.00 bytes/sec
total size is 76,496,057 speedup is 447.36
....
....
-----------
Immer wieder prüfen ob ok:
└─# gvm-check-setup
gvm-check-setup 21.4.0
Test completeness and readiness of GVM-21.4.0
Step 1: Checking OpenVAS (Scanner)...
OK: OpenVAS Scanner is present in version 21.4.0.
OK: Server CA Certificate is present as /var/lib/gvm/CA/servercert.pem.
Checking permissions of /var/lib/openvas/gnupg/*
OK: _gvm owns all files in /var/lib/openvas/gnupg
OK: redis-server is present.
OK: scanner (db_address setting) is configured properly using the redis-server socket: /var/run/redis-openvas/redis-server.sock
OK: redis-server is running and listening on socket: /var/run/redis-openvas/redis-server.sock.
OK: redis-server configuration is OK and redis-server is running.
OK: _gvm owns all files in /var/lib/openvas/plugins
OK: NVT collection in /var/lib/openvas/plugins contains 71010 NVTs.
Checking that the obsolete redis database has been removed
OK: No old Redis DB
OK: ospd-OpenVAS is present in version 21.4.0.
Step 2: Checking GVMD Manager ...
OK: GVM Manager (gvmd) is present in version 21.4.0.
Step 3: Checking Certificates ...
OK: GVM client certificate is valid and present as /var/lib/gvm/CA/clientcert.pem.
OK: Your GVM certificate infrastructure passed validation.
Step 4: Checking data ...
OK: SCAP data found in /var/lib/gvm/scap-data.
OK: CERT data found in /var/lib/gvm/cert-data.
Step 5: Checking Postgresql DB and user ...
OK: Postgresql version and default port are OK.
gvmd | _gvm | UTF8 | en_GB.UTF-8 | en_GB.UTF-8 |
OK: At least one user exists.
Step 6: Checking Greenbone Security Assistant (GSA) ...
Oops, secure memory pool already initialized
OK: Greenbone Security Assistant is present in version 21.04.0~git.
Step 7: Checking if GVM services are up and running ...
OK: ospd-openvas service is active.
OK: gvmd service is active.
OK: greenbone-security-assistant service is active.
Step 8: Checking few other requirements...
OK: nmap is present in version 21.04.0~git.
OK: ssh-keygen found, LSC credential generation for GNU/Linux targets is likely to work.
WARNING: Could not find makensis binary, LSC credential package generation for Microsoft Windows targets will not work.
SUGGEST: Install nsis.
OK: xsltproc found.
WARNING: Your password policy is empty.
SUGGEST: Edit the /etc/gvm/pwpolicy.conf file to set a password policy.
It seems like your GVM-21.4.0 installation is OK.
Auf greenbone Assistant wird über SSL Port Forwarding zugegriffe zB: ssh root@SERVER -L3000:localhost:9392 (--http-only ok da SSH Port Forwarding )
└─# systemctl edit greenbone-security-assistant
### Editing /etc/systemd/system/greenbone-security-assistant.service.d/override.conf
### Anything between here and the comment below will become the new contents of the file
[Service]
ExecStart=
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/gsad --listen=127.0.0.1 --port=9392 --http-only
### Lines below this comment will be discarded
...
└─# systemctl daemon-reload greenbone-security-assistant
----------
- Wenn Scan-Konfigurationen und Port Listen erfolgreich zugeordnet wurden:
- Nach der Installation erstellt ospd-openvas Socket mit falscher Bezeichnung:
- –unix-socket /run/ospd/ospd.sock braucht jedoch –unix-socket /run/ospd/ospd-openvas.sock
systemctl edit ospd-openvas.service ### Editing /etc/systemd/system/ospd-openvas.service.d/override.conf ### Anything between here and the comment below will become the new contents of the file [Service] ExecStart= ExecStart=/usr/bin/ospd-openvas --config /etc/gvm/ospd-openvas.conf --log-config /etc/gvm/ospd-logging.conf --unix-socket /run/ospd/ospd-openvas.sock --pid-file /run/ospd/ospd-openvas.pid --log-file /var/log/gvm/ospd-openvas.log --lock-file-dir /var/lib/openvas ### Lines below this comment will be discarded ... systemctl daemon-reload
- Attachmentgröße auf ~3.8MB erhöhen
systemctl edit gvmd ### Editing /etc/systemd/system/gvmd.service.d/override.conf ### Anything between here and the comment below will become the new contents of the file [Service] ExecStart= ExecStart=/usr/sbin/gvmd --max-email-attachment-size=4000000 --max-email-include-size=4000000 --max-email-message-size=4000000 --osp-vt-update=/run/ospd/ospd.sock --listen-group=_gvm ### Lines below this comment will be discarded ### /lib/systemd/system/gvmd.service # [Unit] # Description=Greenbone Vulnerability Manager daemon (gvmd) # After=network.target networking.service postgresql.service ospd-openvas.service # Wants=postgresql.service ospd-openvas.service # Documentation=man:gvmd(8) # ConditionKernelCommandLine=!recovery # # [Service] # Type=forking # User=_gvm # Group=_gvm # PIDFile=/run/gvm/gvmd.pid # RuntimeDirectory=gvm # RuntimeDirectoryMode=2775 # ExecStart=/usr/sbin/gvmd --osp-vt-update=/run/ospd/ospd.sock --listen-group=_gvm # Restart=always # TimeoutStopSec=10 # # [Install] # WantedBy=multi-user.target
- Wesentliche Schritte für Neuinstallation:
Daten löschen: apt-get --purge remove gvm gvm-tools openvas-scanner ospd-openvas ... rm -rf /var/lib/openvas/ rm -rf /var/lib/gvm/ ... Datenbank löschen: su postgres -s /bin/bash postgres@pentest:~$ psql psql (14.0 (Debian 14.0-1), server 13.4 (Debian 13.4-3)) Type "help" for help. postgres=# \l postgres=# drop database gvmd; ERROR: database "gvmd" is being accessed by other users DETAIL: There is 1 other session using the database. postgres=# select pg_terminate_backend(pg_stat_activity.pid) from pg_stat_activity where pg_stat_activity.datname ='gvmd'; pg_terminate_backend ---------------------- t (1 row) postgres=# drop database gvmd; DROP DATABASE postgres=# \l
- gsad startet nicht mehr nach Upgrade (20220402) / aliases d.h. symbolische Links für greenbone… entfernen unter /etc/systemd/system/greenbone* und unter /lib/systemd/system/greeenbone* / danach systemctl daemon-reload und mit systemctl enable gsad wieder aktivieren
- OpenVAS Scanner Pfad anpassen - overrides löschen für ospd-openvas und überall /run/ospd/ospd.sock
_gvm@pentest:/run/ospd$ gvmd --get-scanners 6acd0832-df90-11e4-b9d5-28d24461215b CVE 0 CVE 08b69003-5fc2-4037-a479-93b440211c73 OpenVAS /run/ospd/ospd-openvas.sock 0 OpenVAS Default _gvm@pentest:/run/ospd$ gvmd --modify-scanner=08b69003-5fc2-4037-a479-93b440211c73 --scanner-host=/run/ospd/ospd.sock Scanner modified. _gvm@pentest:/run/ospd$ gvmd --get-scanners 6acd0832-df90-11e4-b9d5-28d24461215b CVE 0 CVE 08b69003-5fc2-4037-a479-93b440211c73 OpenVAS /run/ospd/ospd.sock 0 OpenVAS Default
- PDF Reportdetails reduzieren wenn zB: /24er Netze gescannt werden den Wald vor lauter Bäumen nicht mehr sehen
- Nuken eines bestehenden postgresql Clusters und Neuinitialisierung
oot@pentest:~# pg_dropcluster --stop 15 main root@pentest:~# pg_createcluster 15 main Creating new PostgreSQL cluster 15/main ... /usr/lib/postgresql/15/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/postgresql/15/main --auth-local peer --auth-host scram-sha-256 --no-instructions The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres". This user must also own the server process. The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_GB.UTF-8". The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8". The default text search configuration will be set to "english". Data page checksums are disabled. fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/15/main ... ok creating subdirectories ... ok selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix selecting default max_connections ... 100 selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB selecting default time zone ... Europe/Vienna creating configuration files ... ok running bootstrap script ... ok performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok syncing data to disk ... ok Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file 15 main 5432 down postgres /var/lib/postgresql/15/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-15-main.log root@pentest:~# pg_ctlcluster 15 main start
- Fehler Database Version wrong:
md manage:MESSAGE:2023-08-07 10h39.27 utc:1095: check_db_versions: database version of database: 250 md manage:MESSAGE:2023-08-07 10h39.27 utc:1095: check_db_versions: database version supported by manager: 255 md main:CRITICAL:2023-08-07 10h39.27 utc:1095: gvmd: database is wrong version -> su _gvm -s /bin/bash -> gvmd --migrate (Geduld) -> /var/log/gvm/gvmd.log : ... md main:MESSAGE:2023-08-07 10h40.09 utc:1147: Greenbone Vulnerability Manager version 22.5.5 (DB revision 255) md main: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.09 utc:1147: Migrating database. md main: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.09 utc:1147: Migrating to 251 md main: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.09 utc:1147: Migrating to 252 md main: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.09 utc:1147: Migrating to 253 md main: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.09 utc:1147: Migrating to 254 md main: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.12 utc:1147: Migrating to 255 md main:MESSAGE:2023-08-07 10h40.12 utc:1147: Migrating SCAP database md manage: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.12 utc:1147: Reinitialization of the SCAP database necessary md manage:WARNING:2023-08-07 10h40.12 utc:1147: update_scap: Full rebuild requested, resetting SCAP db md manage: INFO:2023-08-07 10h40.13 utc:1147: update_scap: Updating data ...
- Upgrade Cluster von 15 auf 16 - ohne Neuinstallation (gvmd kann nicht gestartet werden) / Vorsicht über SSH !
root@pentest:~# pg_lsclusters
Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
15 main 5432 online postgres /var/lib/postgresql/15/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-15-main.log
16 main 5433 online postgres /var/lib/postgresql/16/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-16-main.log
root@pentest:~# pg_dropcluster 16 main --stop
root@pentest:~# pg_upgradecluster 15 main
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Stopping old cluster...
Restarting old cluster with restricted connections...
Notice: extra pg_ctl/postgres options given, bypassing systemctl for start operation
Creating new PostgreSQL cluster 16/main ...
/usr/lib/postgresql/16/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/postgresql/16/main --auth-local peer --auth-host scram-sha-256 --no-instructions --encoding UTF8 --lc-collate en_GB.UTF-8 --lc-ctype en_GB.UTF-8 --locale-provider libc
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.
The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_GB.UTF-8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
Data page checksums are disabled.
fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/16/main ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Europe/Vienna
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok
Copying old configuration files...
Copying old start.conf...
Copying old pg_ctl.conf...
Starting new cluster...
Notice: extra pg_ctl/postgres options given, bypassing systemctl for start operation
Running init phase upgrade hook scripts ...
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Roles, databases, schemas, ACLs...
WARNING: database "postgres" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE postgres REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
WARNING: database "gvmd" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE gvmd REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
WARNING: database "postgres" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE postgres REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
set_config
------------
(1 row)
set_config
------------
(1 row)
set_config
------------
(1 row)
set_config
------------
(1 row)
Fixing hardcoded library paths for stored procedures...
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Upgrading database template1...
WARNING: database "template1" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Fixing hardcoded library paths for stored procedures...
WARNING: database "gvmd" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE gvmd REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Upgrading database gvmd...
WARNING: database "gvmd" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE gvmd REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Fixing hardcoded library paths for stored procedures...
WARNING: database "postgres" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE postgres REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Upgrading database postgres...
WARNING: database "postgres" has a collation version mismatch
DETAIL: The database was created using collation version 2.36, but the operating system provides version 2.37.
HINT: Rebuild all objects in this database that use the default collation and run ALTER DATABASE postgres REFRESH COLLATION VERSION, or build PostgreSQL with the right library version.
Stopping target cluster...
Stopping old cluster...
Disabling automatic startup of old cluster...
Starting upgraded cluster on port 5432...
Running finish phase upgrade hook scripts ...
vacuumdb: processing database "gvmd": Generating minimal optimizer statistics (1 target)
vacuumdb: processing database "postgres": Generating minimal optimizer statistics (1 target)
vacuumdb: processing database "template1": Generating minimal optimizer statistics (1 target)
vacuumdb: processing database "gvmd": Generating medium optimizer statistics (10 targets)
vacuumdb: processing database "postgres": Generating medium optimizer statistics (10 targets)
vacuumdb: processing database "template1": Generating medium optimizer statistics (10 targets)
vacuumdb: processing database "gvmd": Generating default (full) optimizer statistics
vacuumdb: processing database "postgres": Generating default (full) optimizer statistics
vacuumdb: processing database "template1": Generating default (full) optimizer statistics
Success. Please check that the upgraded cluster works. If it does,
you can remove the old cluster with
pg_dropcluster 15 main
Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
15 main 5433 down postgres /var/lib/postgresql/15/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-15-main.log
Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
16 main 5432 online postgres /var/lib/postgresql/16/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-16-main.log
root@pentest:~# pg_dropcluster 15 main
root@pentest:~# pg_lsclusters
Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
16 main 5432 online postgres /var/lib/postgresql/16/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-16-main.log
backports debian
- Getestet auf Debian Buster am Beispiel des Pakets „wireguard“
Add backports to your /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main
root@mrGatekeeper:~# apt-get update
Get:1 http://security.debian.org buster/updates InRelease [65.4 kB]
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports InRelease [46.7 kB]
Hit:3 http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster InRelease
Get:4 http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease [49.3 kB]
Get:5 http://security.debian.org buster/updates/main Sources [119 kB]
Get:6 http://security.debian.org buster/updates/main amd64 Packages [197 kB]
Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports/main Sources [261 kB]
Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports/main amd64 Packages [301 kB]
Get:9 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports/main Translation-en [234 kB]
Fetched 1,273 kB in 1s (925 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
root@mrGatekeeper:~# apt-get -t buster-backports install wireguard
webcam linux check
- Getestet auf Kali linux / d.h. sollte auch für Debian/Ubuntu passen
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ sudo apt-get install v4l-utils
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# v4l2-ctl --list-devices
USB Live camera: USB Live cam (usb-0000:00:14.0-3):
/dev/video0
/dev/video1
/dev/video2
/dev/video3
/dev/media0
HP HD Webcam: HP HD Webcam (usb-0000:00:14.0-7):
/dev/video4
/dev/video5
/dev/media
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ sudo apt install ffmpeg
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ ffplay /dev/video0
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:~$ cheese --device=/dev/video0
libreoffice Inhaltsverzeichnis mit Nummerierungen
- Beispiel von libreoffice.org: 14880059454992714.odt - Schlüssel Tools → Chapter Numbering
You need to use multiple levels of headings to achieve what you need. Use Heading 2 for your sub-chapters. And use Outline Numbering feature to establish proper multi-level numbering. Only then will you have proper ToC.
EDIT: here is the example file and steps:
Create new Writer document.
Tools->Outline Numbering...->Numbering tab->check that each level is assigned its respective Heading N paragraph style;Level 1-10->Number:1,2,3,...; Show sublevels: 10.
Insert->Table of Contents and Index->Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography...
Type tab: Type->Table of Contents; adjust Title
Entries tab: Level 2->put cursor to the left of LS->click Tab Stop button->adjust Tab stop position (e.g., 15 mm) -> close dialog using OK
Below the inserted ToC, add paragraphs "A title", "A sub-chapter", "Another sub-chapter", and "Another main chapter", with paragraph styles Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 2, Heading 1.
Right-click on ToC, and select Update Index.
You will have 2nd level indented by 20 mm, because of Tab in 2nd level set above, and Contents 2 paragraph style having its own indent. You may adjust both, or remove one of them or both. You may remove numbering in ToC's Entries.
xmpp/jabber server + web chat
- Ziel des Projekts:
- Eine autarke Kommunikationsinfrastruktur schaffen ohne Abhängigkeiten zu großen Anbietern wie zB: Microsoft oder Slack
- System könnte auch im LAN/WLAN (Mesh) betrieben werden mit einer Vielzahl an WLAN Nodes / in diesem Beispiel liegt der Webserver im Netz bei einem kleinen Anbieter und Zertifikate von Let's Encrypt werden genommen
- Ein Browser muss für die Kommunikation ausreichen - es sollen auf den Endgeräten keine Programme installiert werden müssen
Prosody XMPP Server Installation
- Getestet auf Debian Stretch (9)
- 2 Varianten - einmal ausschließlich authentifizierte Benutzer und einmal anonyme Benutzer die den „Hostnamen“ zum Chat wissen müssen
- Zertifikat für virtuellen Host „chat.pannoniait.at“ kommt von Let's Encrypt über den certbot (certbot certonly –webroot –webroot-path /var/www/ -d chat.pannoniait.at )
- Achtung Internal_plain speichert die Zertifikate im Plaintext unter /var/lib/prosody
apt-get install prosody
- root@island:/etc/prosody# grep -v ^[\-] /etc/prosody/prosody.cfg.lua
admins = { "christian.czeczil@chat.pannoniait.at" }
modules_enabled = {
-- Generally required
"roster"; -- Allow users to have a roster. Recommended ;)
"saslauth"; -- Authentication for clients and servers. Recommended if you want to log in.
"tls"; -- Add support for secure TLS on c2s/s2s connections
"dialback"; -- s2s dialback support
"disco"; -- Service discovery
-- Not essential, but recommended
"private"; -- Private XML storage (for room bookmarks, etc.)
"vcard"; -- Allow users to set vCards
-- HTTP modules
"bosh"; -- Enable BOSH clients, aka "Jabber over HTTP"
"http_files"; -- Serve static files from a directory over HTTP
-- Other specific functionality
"posix"; -- POSIX functionality, sends server to background, enables syslog, etc.
};
modules_disabled = {
-- "offline"; -- Store offline messages
-- "c2s"; -- Handle client connections
-- "s2s"; -- Handle server-to-server connections
};
allow_registration = false;
daemonize = true;
pidfile = "/var/run/prosody/prosody.pid";
cross_domain_bosh = true
consider_bosh_secure = true
ssl = {
key = "/etc/prosody/certs/privkey.pem";
certificate = "/etc/prosody/certs/fullchain.pem";
dhparam = "/etc/prosody/certs/dh2048.pem";
options = {
"no_ticket",
"no_compression",
"cipher_server_preference",
"single_dh_use",
"single_ecdh_use",
"no_sslv2",
"no_sslv3"
};
ciphers = "ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA;";
}
c2s_require_encryption = true
s2s_secure_auth = false
authentication = "internal_plain"
log = {
-- Log files (change 'info' to 'debug' for debug logs):
info = "/var/log/prosody/prosody.log";
error = "/var/log/prosody/prosody.err";
-- Syslog:
{ levels = { "error" }; to = "syslog"; };
}
VirtualHost "chat.pannoniait.at"
Component "conference.chat.pannoniait.at" "muc"
name = "All People should be here"
restrict_room_creation = true
max_history_messages = 20
Include "conf.d/*.cfg.lua"
- Benutzer anlegen für chat.pannoniait.at Namespace:
prosodyctl adduser christian.czeczil@chat.pannoniait.at
- Benutzer Passwort ändern:
prosodyctl passwd christian.czeczil@chat.pannoniait.at
- Vhost ohne Authentifizierung für „Chats“ - /etc/prosody/conf.d/123random.pannoniait.at.cfg.lua
VirtualHost "123random.pannoniait.at"
authentication = "anonymous"
Component "conference.123random.pannoniait.at" "muc"
name = "All Anonymous People should be here"
restrict_room_creation = true
max_history_messages = 20
Converse Client Web Chat Installation
- Version 6 - heruntergeladen von https://github.com/conversejs/converse.js/releases (converse.js-6.0.1.tgz)
Authentifizierte Benutzer
- cat /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/chat.pannoniait.at.conf
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerAdmin support@pannoniait.at
ServerName chat.pannoniait.at
DocumentRoot /var/www/chat
<Directory /var/www/chat>
Options -Indexes
AllowOverride None
</Directory>
#LogLevel info ssl:warn
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/chat.pannoniait.at-error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/chat.pannoniait.at-access.log combined
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/chat.pannoniait.at/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/chat.pannoniait.at/privkey.pem
<FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</FilesMatch>
BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
# MSIE 7 and newer should be able to use keepalive
BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet
- Das dist Verzeichnis aus dem tar.gz Download von githab 1:1 entpacken
- ls -al /var/www/chat/
total 12 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 34 Mar 20 10:52 . drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Mar 18 13:46 .. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 17 19:52 dist -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 833 Mar 20 10:52 index.html
- root@island:/var/www/chat# cat /var/www/chat/index.html
<html>
<head>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="https://chat.pannoniait.at/dist/converse.min.css" />
<script src="https://chat.pannoniait.at/dist/converse.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="converse-container">
<div id="conversejs"></div>
</div>
</body>
<script>
converse.initialize({
bosh_service_url: 'https://chat.pannoniait.at:5281/http-bind',
show_controlbox_by_default: true,
allow_list_rooms: true,
view_mode: 'embedded',
default_domain: 'chat.pannoniait.at',
auto_join_rooms: [ 'people@conference.chat.pannoniait.at' ,],
auto_away: 180,
auto_xa: 600,
auto_reconnect: true,
sticky_controlbox: true,
omemo_default:true,
});
</script>
</html>
- „Raum“ People für alle die einen Account haben:
Anonyme Benutzer ohne Authentifizierung
- cat /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/123random.pannoniait.at.conf
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerAdmin support@pannoniait.at
ServerName 123random.pannoniait.at
DocumentRoot /var/www/123random
<Directory /var/www/123random>
Options -Indexes
AllowOverride None
</Directory>
#LogLevel info ssl:warn
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/123random.pannoniait.at-error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/123random.pannoniait.at-access.log combined
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/123random.pannoniait.at/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/123random.pannoniait.at/privkey.pem
<FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</FilesMatch>
BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
# MSIE 7 and newer should be able to use keepalive
BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet
- root@island:/var/www/chat# cat /var/www/123random/index.html
<html>
<head>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="https://123random.pannoniait.at/dist/converse.min.css" />
<script src="https://123random.pannoniait.at/dist/converse.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="converse-container">
<div id="conversejs"></div>
</div>
</body>
<script>
converse.initialize({
bosh_service_url: 'https://chat.pannoniait.at:5281/http-bind',
view_mode: 'embedded',
singleton: true,
authentication: 'anonymous',
auto_login: true,
auto_join_rooms: [ 'anonymous@conference.123random.pannoniait.at' ,],
jid: '123random.pannoniait.at',
notify_all_room_messages: [ 'anonymous@conference.123random.pannoniait.at',],
});
</script>
Jitsi-Meet
- Open Source Video Conferencing Möglichkeit zum Selber hosten oder https://meet.jit.si/ Meeting erstellen
- Vhost unter https://video.pannoniait.at/
- Installation - Achtung sehr viel Auto Magic beim Installer
echo 'deb https://download.jitsi.org stable/' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-stable.list wget -qO - https://download.jitsi.org/jitsi-key.gpg.key | apt-key add - apt-get install jitsi-meet
- Angelegte Konfiguration:
- root@island:~# cat /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/video.pannoniait.at.conf
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName video.pannoniait.at
SSLProtocol TLSv1.2
SSLEngine on
SSLProxyEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/video.pannoniait.at/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/video.pannoniait.at/privkey.pem
SSLCipherSuite "EECDH+ECDSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH+ECDSA+SHA384:EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256:EECDH+aRSA+SHA384:EDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EDH+aRSA+SHA256:EDH+aRSA:EECDH:!aNULL:!eNULL:!MEDIUM:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!SRP:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED"
SSLHonorCipherOrder on
Header set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000"
DocumentRoot "/usr/share/jitsi-meet"
<Directory "/usr/share/jitsi-meet">
Options Indexes MultiViews Includes FollowSymLinks
AddOutputFilter Includes html
AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
ErrorDocument 404 /static/404.html
Alias "/config.js" "/etc/jitsi/meet/video.pannoniait.at-config.js"
<Location /config.js>
Require all granted
</Location>
Alias "/external_api.js" "/usr/share/jitsi-meet/libs/external_api.min.js"
<Location /external_api.js>
Require all granted
</Location>
ProxyPreserveHost on
ProxyPass /http-bind http://localhost:5280/http-bind/
ProxyPassReverse /http-bind http://localhost:5280/http-bind/
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$ /index.html
</VirtualHost>
- Prosody Magic - Auth von anonymous auf internal_plain geändert
- root@island:~# cat /etc/prosody/conf.d/video.pannoniait.at.cfg.lua
-- Plugins path gets uncommented during jitsi-meet-tokens package install - that's where token plugin is located
--plugin_paths = { "/usr/share/jitsi-meet/prosody-plugins/" }
VirtualHost "video.pannoniait.at"
-- enabled = false -- Remove this line to enable this host
--2020-03-26 cc: internal disabled
--authentication = "anonymous"
authentication = "internal_plain"
--
-- Properties below are modified by jitsi-meet-tokens package config
-- and authentication above is switched to "token"
--app_id="example_app_id"
--app_secret="example_app_secret"
-- Assign this host a certificate for TLS, otherwise it would use the one
-- set in the global section (if any).
-- Note that old-style SSL on port 5223 only supports one certificate, and will always
-- use the global one.
ssl = {
key = "/etc/prosody/certs/video.pannoniait.at.key";
certificate = "/etc/prosody/certs/video.pannoniait.at.crt";
}
-- we need bosh
modules_enabled = {
"bosh";
"pubsub";
"ping"; -- Enable mod_ping
}
c2s_require_encryption = false
Component "conference.video.pannoniait.at" "muc"
storage = "null"
--modules_enabled = { "token_verification" }
admins = { "focus@auth.video.pannoniait.at" }
Component "jitsi-videobridge.video.pannoniait.at"
component_secret = "1239sdg232ksd"
VirtualHost "auth.video.pannoniait.at"
ssl = {
key = "/etc/prosody/certs/auth.video.pannoniait.at.key";
certificate = "/etc/prosody/certs/auth.video.pannoniait.at.crt";
}
authentication = "internal_plain"
Component "focus.video.pannoniait.at"
component_secret = "4jl3409sdf"
- Meeting erstellen auf https://video.pannoniait.at/
- Achtung Bug scheinbar im Firefox bzw. Code - es kommt nicht zur Authentifizierung wie zB: im Google Chrome
RPI - Raspberry PI
rpi GPIO Belegung
rpi3 Backup u. Restore / Migration
- Backup von „firewall“ über SSH
- Restore auf SD Karte die über Adapter an lokalem Notebook hängt
Backup 1. dump vom ext Dateisystem auf dem bestehenden RPI3 root@firewall:~# ssh root@192.168.1.2 "dump -0 / -f - " | gzip --best > /tmp/dump_temperature.dump.gz debug1: client_input_channel_open: ctype auth-agent@openssh.com rchan 2 win 65536 max 16384 debug1: channel 1: new [authentication agent connection] debug1: confirm auth-agent@openssh.com DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Mon Feb 15 10:11:18 2021 DUMP: Dumping /dev/mmcblk0p2 (/) to standard output DUMP: Label: rootfs DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 1477428 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Mon Feb 15 10:11:42 2021 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Mon Feb 15 10:15:46 2021 DUMP: Volume 1 1476770 blocks (1442.16MB) DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:04:04 DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 6052 kB/s DUMP: 1476770 blocks (1442.16MB) DUMP: finished in 244 seconds, throughput 6052 kBytes/sec DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Mon Feb 15 10:11:18 2021 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Mon Feb 15 10:15:46 2021 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 6052 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE debug1: channel 1: FORCE input drain debug1: channel 1: free: authentication agent connection, nchannels 2 2. DD Dump von Boot Partition ssh root@192.168.1.2 "dd if=/dev/mmcblk0p1 bs=1M" | gzip --best > /tmp/dump_dd_mmcblk0p1.img.gz 3. sfdisk Partition table von SD Karte abspeichern - Beide SD Karten sind 32GB von Samsung (High Endurance) https://linuxaria.com/pills/how-to-clone-the-partition-table-on-linux-with-sfdisk For example, assuming that our disk is /dev/sda , to save the partition table we can give the command: sfdisk -d /dev/sda > partitions.txt while to restore it, assuming that the destination disk is /dev/sdb and we want to clone the partition table, we can use the command sfdisk /dev/sdb < partitions.txt sfdisk /dev/mmcblk0 < ta ble ssh root@192.168.1.2 "sfdisk -d /dev/mmcblk0" > /tmp/dump_sfdisk_table --- Restore - Neue SSD über Adapter angesteckt / erkannt als /dev/sda root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature# sfdisk /dev/sda < dump_sfdisk_table Checking that no-one is using this disk right now ... OK Disk /dev/sda: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors Disk model: MassStorageClass Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Old situation: Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 8192 62521343 62513152 29.8G c W95 FAT32 (LBA) >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xeee62714. /dev/sda1: Created a new partition 1 of type 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)' and of size 256 MiB. Partition #1 contains a vfat signature. /dev/sda2: Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 29.5 GiB. /dev/sda3: Done. New situation: Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0xeee62714 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sda2 532480 62333951 61801472 29.5G 83 Linux The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature# zcat dump_dd_mmcblk0p1.img.gz > /dev/sda1 root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature# mkfs.ext4 -L rootfs /dev/sda2 mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020) Creating filesystem with 7725184 4k blocks and 1933312 inodes Filesystem UUID: 4f55ee7d-abac-46cd-89fb-a2bccb273fab Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/tmp/ root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature# gunzip dump_temperature.dump.gz root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature# cd /mnt/tmp/ root@mrWhiteGhost:/mnt/tmp# restore rf /home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/rpi-temperature/dump_temperature.dump
rpi4 passive Kühlung
- Achtung RPI4 wird sehr heißt z.T. >70 Grad
- Aktiv Lüfter ist sehhr laut
- Aluminiumgehäuse https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B07ZVJDRF3/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o02_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 zeigt erstaunliche Kühlleistung z.T. 40-50 Grad
rpi3 temperature
102 apt-get install build-essential python-dev 103 apt-get install build-essential python-dev 104 cd /usr/lib/nagios/plugins 105 wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Finn10111/nagios-plugins/master/check_dht/check_dht.py 106 cd /usr/local/src 109 apt-get install git 110 git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_DHT.git 111 cd Adafruit_Python_DHT 122 apt-get install python-setuptools 123 python setup.py install 124 chmod o+x /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_dht.py 133 /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_dht.py -s 22 -p 2 -w 27,65 -c 30,75 134 apt-get install sudo 135 visudo 136 su nagios -s /bin/bash 137 vim /etc/nagios/nrpe.cfg 138 /etc/init.d/nagios-nrpe-server reload
rpi4 temperature
- Gleicher Ansatz wie bei RPI3 funktioniert nicht mehr
- Installation von adafruit-circuitpython-dht:
194 apt-get install python3 python3-pip python3-rpi.gpio libgpiod2 -y 195 pip3 install adafruit-circuitpython-dht
- Anpassen von /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_dht.py auf python3 u. adafruit_dht / Daten PIN ist GPIO 2 - siehe: https://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/raspberry-pi/2002191.htm quick and dirty / Hin und wieder wirft er eine Exception beim lesen der Sensorwerte deshalb der erneute Aufruf von main mit dem try catch block
#!/usr/bin/python3
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
# Simple nagios plugin to check temperature and humidity
# with a DHT22 one wire bus sensor or similar.
# Basically it only calls the Adafruit DHT driver and reads
# out the values.
# You can get the Adafruit DHT module at GitHub:
# https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_DHT
#
# This plugin needs to be run with sudo. For getting this working with
# nagios, nrpe or something similiar, run visudo or add a file in
# /etc/sudoers.d/ an add for example this line:
# nagios ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/lib/nagios/plugins/check_dht.py
import re
import subprocess
import time
import sys
import argparse
import adafruit_dht
import board
def main():
try:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Nagios plugin to check DHT sensors using Adafruit DHT driver')
parser.add_argument('-s', '--sensor', required=False, help='Sensor to use (supported sensors: 11, 22, 2302)', default='22')
parser.add_argument('-p', '--pin', required=False, help='GPIO pin number (example: -p 4)', default='4')
parser.add_argument('-w', '--warning', required=False, help='warning threshold for temperature and humidity (example: -w 25,80)', default='25,80')
parser.add_argument('-c', '--critical', required=False, help='warning threshold for temperature and humidity (example: -c 30,85)', default='30,85')
args = parser.parse_args()
sensor = args.sensor
#Predefined position of PIN
pin = 'D2'
warningTemp = args.warning.split(',')[0]
warningHum = args.warning.split(',')[1]
criticalTemp = args.critical.split(',')[0]
criticalHum = args.critical.split(',')[1]
dhtboard = getattr(board,pin)
dhtDevice = adafruit_dht.DHT22(dhtboard,use_pulseio=False)
hum, temp = dhtDevice.humidity, dhtDevice.temperature
except RuntimeError:
time.sleep(5)
main()
if not re.match("\d+\.\d+", str(temp)):
exitCheck(3, 'could not read temperature and humidity values')
hum = float(round(hum,1))
temp = float(round(temp,1))
status = 0
msg = "Temperature: %s Humidity: %s | temp=%s;%s;%s hum=%s;%s;%s" % (temp, hum, temp, warningTemp, criticalTemp, hum, warningHum, criticalHum)
# process thresholds
if re.match('\d+:\d+', warningTemp):
warningTempLow, warningTempHigh = warningTemp.split(':')
if temp < float(warningTempLow) or temp > float(warningTempHigh):
status = 1
elif temp > float(warningTemp):
status = 1
if re.match('\d+:\d+', warningHum):
warningHumLow, warningHumHigh = warningHum.split(':')
if hum < float(warningHumLow) or hum > float(warningHumHigh):
status = 1
elif hum > float(warningHum):
status = 1
if re.match('\d+:\d+', criticalTemp):
criticalTempLow, criticalTempHigh = criticalTemp.split(':')
if temp < float(criticalTempLow) or temp > float(criticalTempHigh):
status = 2
elif temp > float(criticalTemp):
status = 2
if re.match('\d+:\d+', criticalHum):
criticalHumLow, criticalHumHigh = criticalHum.split(':')
if hum < float(criticalHumLow) or hum > float(criticalHumHigh):
status = 2
elif hum > float(criticalHum):
status = 2
exitCheck(status, msg)
def exitCheck(status, msg=''):
if status == 0:
msg = 'OK - ' + msg
elif status == 1:
msg = 'WARNING - ' + msg
elif status == 2:
msg = 'CRITICAL - ' + msg
elif status == 3:
msg = 'UNKNOWN - ' + msg
print (msg)
sys.exit(status)
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.exit(main())
rpi Outside temperature 433MHZ
- Ich möchte die Werte von Temperatursensoren im Außenbereich erhalten und aufzeichnen
- Ursprünglich wollte ich alles im nagios user Kontext laufen lassen Logik im User Space laufen lassen / Aufzeichnungsdatei kann über Cron Job als Root geleert werden
- RTL-433 bauen - Auszug aus Scratchpad(Raspbian buster/rpi3):
apt-get install libtool libusb-1.0.0-dev librtlsdr-dev git clone https://github.com/merbanan/rtl_433.git cmake ./ make make install -> /usr/local/bin/rtl_433
- Daemon für rtl_433 Service /lib/systemd/system/rtl-daemon.service
[Unit] Description=Read 433MHZ Temperature Sensors Documentation=https://pannoniait.at After=network.target [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/rtl_433 -F csv:/home/nagios/temp.txt [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
- Beispieldaten in /home/nagios/temp.txt
2023-04-26 08:18:15,,,LaCrosse-TX141THBv2,,210,0,1,12.300,CRC,,97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:18:16,,,LaCrosse-TX141THBv2,,210,0,1,12.300,CRC,,97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:18:58,,,Nexus-TH,,183,3,0,21.200,,,39,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:19:05,,,LaCrosse-TX141THBv2,,210,0,1,12.400,CRC,,97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:19:06,,,LaCrosse-TX141THBv2,,210,0,1,12.400,CRC,,97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:19:55,,,LaCrosse-TX141THBv2,,210,0,1,12.400,CRC,,97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:19:56,,,LaCrosse-TX141THBv2,,210,0,1,12.400,CRC,,97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:19:59,,,Springfield-Soil,1,70,3,1,2.400,CHECKSUM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,MANUAL,80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2023-04-26 08:20:17,,,Nexus-TH,,183,3,0,21.300,,,39,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
- Durchschnittstemperatur berechnen: /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/calcTemperature.sh
- ACHTUNG bei Location - hatte hier /tmp/ - systemd macht hier /tmp magic und der Wert ist über den NRPE Aufruf nicht lesbar
#!/bin/bash
TEMP_LOCATION="/home/nagios/temp.txt"
function bailout
{
echo -e "$1" 1>&2
echo -e "$1"
exit 2
}
[[ -r $TEMP_LOCATION ]] || bailout "Cannot read $TEMP_LOCATION"
TEMP_AMOUNT=$(grep -P "(LaCrosse-TX141THBv2|Nexus-TH)" $TEMP_LOCATION | cut -d"," -f 9 | grep -P -o "[\-]{0,1}[0-9]+\.[0-9]{0,3}" | wc -l)
if [[ $TEMP_AMOUNT > 1 ]] ; then
AVERAGE_TEMP=$(grep -P "(LaCrosse-TX141THBv2|Nexus-TH)" $TEMP_LOCATION | cut -d"," -f 9 | grep -P -o "[\-]{0,1}[0-9]+\.[0-9]{0,3}" | awk '{sum += $1} END {print sum}')
READ_TEMP=$(echo "scale=2; $AVERAGE_TEMP / $TEMP_AMOUNT " | bc )
echo "OK - Temperature is: $READ_TEMP | 'temp'=$READ_TEMP"
echo > $TEMP_LOCATION
exit 0
else
bailout "Could not find Temperatures"
fi
- Nagios NRPE Server Konfiguration bzw. Command Deklaration:
command[check_outside_temp]=sudo /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/calcTemperature.sh
- NRPE Check über Monitoring Server /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_nrpe -H HOST -c check_outside_temp
OK - Temperature is: 14.58 | 'temp'=14.58
- Visuelle Integration ins Monitoring:
rpi pentest
- Image von Kali VPN Remote Tunnel / GVM Installation usw
- Für 8GB RPI4 wurde das 64Bit image verwendet : https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-arm-images/
- Aufgrund von nicht vorhersehbarem Stromverlust / wenn ihn jemand austeckt wurde ein Read Only Root gewählt mit folgendem Skript: http://wiki.psuter.ch/doku.php?id=solve_raspbian_sd_card_corruption_issues_with_read-only_mounted_root_partition (achtung konvertieren dos2unix / label für root Partition rootfs)
rpi kiosk
- Anforderungen In diesem speziellen fall soll eine „Website“ aufgerufen werden die durch das Programm „Untis“ auf einem CIFS Share abgelegt wird / Die Website kann sich jedoch im Verlauf des Tages mehrmals ändern / Basissystem basiert auf Raspbian Default Image mit Desktop
- fstab Eintrag / CIFS Mount
//NAS_IP/SHARE_NAME /mnt/storage/external cifs credentials=/etc/samba/screen-reader,ro,auto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.requires=network-online.target 0 0
- screen-reader
username=USERNAME_SHARE password=PASSWORD_SHARE
- Wird system gestartet führt er für pi Benutzer /etc/xdg/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart aus:
@unclutter --idle 2 @xset s off @xset -dpms @xset s noblank @x11vnc -passwd PASSWD_RW_VNC -viewpasswd PASSWD_RO_VNC -forever -bg -display :0.0 @/usr/local/sbin/checkChanges.sh
- Hauptlogik liegt in /usr/local/sbin/checkChanges.sh
- Im wesentlichen checkt er in regelmäßigen Abständen ob sich Dateien unter /mnt/storage/external innerhalb der letzten Minute geändert haben / Wenn ja wartet er noch 5 Sekunden killt den vorhandenen chromium und ruft erneut chromium-browser –disable-application-cache –kiosk –app /mnt/storage/external/subst_001.htm auf
#!/bin/bash
MINUTES_PAST="1"
PATH_ROOT="/mnt/storage/external"
TMP_BLOCK="/tmp/check_changes_block"
FILES_FOUND="0"
export DISPLAY=":0.0"
function restartChromium
{
pkill chromium
chromium-browser --disable-application-cache --kiosk --app /mnt/storage/external/subst_001.htm &
}
[[ -f $TMP_BLOCK ]] && exit 2
export DISPLAY
touch $TMP_BLOCK
sleep 10s
chromium-browser --disable-application-cache --kiosk --app /mnt/storage/external/subst_001.htm &
while $(sleep 45s)
do
FILES_FOUND=$(find $PATH_ROOT -type f -mmin -$MINUTES_PAST | wc -l)
if [ $FILES_FOUND != "0" ]
then
sleep 5s
echo "restartin chromium .. changes detected"
restartChromium
fi
done
rm $TMP_BLOCK
btrfs
- bei Pannonia IT produktiv im Einsatz seit Debian Jessie mit backports Kernel (4.6)
Anlegen
- Durchgeführt auf Debian stretch 4.9er Kernel
apt-get install btrfs-tools mkfs.btrfs -L storage /dev/vdb fstab: /dev/vdb /mnt/storage btrfs defaults 0 2 mount /dev/vdb btrfs quota enable /mnt/storage/ cd /mnt/storage btrfs subvolume create shared
Pflege
- Getestet auf Debian jessie mit 4.9er Kernel u. buster mit 4.19 / 5.2er Kernel
- BTRFS Metadaten prüfen / Checksummen überprüfen
btrfs scrub start -B DEVICE
- btrfsQuota.sh - von offizieller Seite - https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
#!/bin/bash
[[ ! -d $1 ]] && { echo Please pass mountpoint as first argument >&2 ;
exit 1 ; }
while read x i x g x x l x p
do
volName[i]=$p
done < <(btrfs subvolume list $1)
while read g r e f
do
[[ -z $name ]] && echo -e "subvol\tqgroup\ttotal\tunshared\tmaximum"
group=${g##*/}
[[ ! -z ${volName[group]} ]] && name=${volName[group]} || name='(unknown)'
echo $name $g $r $e $f
done < <(btrfs qgroup show --human-readable $1 | tail -n+3) | column -t
- QGroups löschen die nicht mehr benötigt werden /Cgroups clear-qgroups cron
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
00 20 1 * * root for e in $(btrfsQuota.sh /mnt/storage | grep unknown | awk '{ print $2 }') ; do btrfs qgroup destroy $e /mnt/storage ; done
- Snapshots erstellen createSnapshot.sh
#!/bin/bash btrfs subvolume snapshot -r $1 $1/.snapshots/@GMT_`date +%Y.%m.%d-%H.%M.%S` exit $?
- Snapshots löschen clearLastSnapshot.sh
#!/bin/bash
function usage
{
echo "Usage Keep this Nr of Snapshots: $0 LocalMountPoint LocalSubvolumeName DesiredSnapshotCount"
echo "Usage Show Nr of Snapshots: $0 LocalMountPoint LocalSubvolumeName"
echo "Usage: e.g. $0 /mnt/storage daten 3"
exit 1
}
LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT=$1
LOCAL_SUBVOLUME=$2
DESIRED_SNAPSHOTS=$3
[[ $# != 3 && $# != 2 ]] && usage
[[ ! -d $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT ]] && echo "Couldn't validate local btrfs subvolume mountpoint: $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT" && exit 2
CURRENT_NR_SNAPSHOTS=$(btrfs subvolume list $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT/$LOCAL_SUBVOLUME/.snapshots -r -o --sort=+gen | wc -l )
[[ "$CURRENT_NR_SNAPSHOTS" == 0 ]] && echo "Couldn't aquire number of snapshots from $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT/$LOCAL_SUBVOLUME/.snapshots" && exit 2
[[ $# == 2 ]] && echo -e "Mount Point: $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT\nSubvolume: $LOCAL_SUBVOLUME\nCurrent Snapshots: $CURRENT_NR_SNAPSHOTS" && exit 0
REGEX_NUMBER='^[0-9]+$'
[[ ! $DESIRED_SNAPSHOTS =~ $REGEX_NUMBER ]] && echo "That's not a valid number: $NR_SNAPSHOTS" && exit 2
[[ $(($CURRENT_NR_SNAPSHOTS-$DESIRED_SNAPSHOTS)) -le 0 ]] && echo -e "Deletion not needed\nMount Point: $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT\nSubvolume: $LOCAL_SUBVOLUME\nCurrent Snapshots: $CURRENT_NR_SNAPSHOTS\nDesired: $DESIRED_SNAPSHOTS" && exit 0
NR_SNAPSHOTS_REMOVE=$(($CURRENT_NR_SNAPSHOTS-$DESIRED_SNAPSHOTS))
CURRENT_SNAPSHOTS=$(btrfs subvolume list $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT/$LOCAL_SUBVOLUME/.snapshots -r -o --sort=+gen | head -n $NR_SNAPSHOTS_REMOVE | cut -d' ' -f 9 )
for snap in $CURRENT_SNAPSHOTS
do
btrfs subvolume delete --commit-after $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT/$snap
done
btrfs filesystem sync $LOCAL_MOUNT_POINT
Deduplizierung
- Getestet auf Debian buster mit 4.19 Kernel
- Kann bei größeren Datenmengen sehr lange dauern / cannot allocate memory bug
jdupes -B -r PFAD_BTRFS_VOLUME
- Getestet auf Debian buster mit 5.2 backports Kernel
- Der Speicher ist ihm beim Test (3GB RAM /4GB SWAP/ >600k Dateien) ausgegangen und der oom killer beendete den Prozess
duperemove -r -d --hashfile=PFAD/btrfs_hashes.hashes PFAD_BTRFS_VOLUME
Wazuh
Installation Wazuh Server
- Getestet mit Ubuntu 22.04 und https://documentation.wazuh.com/current/quickstart.html
- Achtung zum Testen bei der Installation KEINEN proxy verwenden - Die Skripts checken ob die Services laufen zB:
"CONNECT 127.0.0.1:9200 HTTP/1.1" 403 3405
- Dieser Zugriff schlägt jedoch auf dem Proxy auf da es nicht möglich war Ausnahmen für den Proxy zu definieren
- Achtung Per Default kann sich jeder beliebige Agent reinhängen
- Vulnerability Detection ist per Default ausgeschaltet:
- https://documentation.wazuh.com/current/user-manual/capabilities/vulnerability-detection/configuring-scans.html bzw. /var/ossec/etc/ossec.conf
... <enabled>yes</enabled> ...
- Alerting via E-Mail ist per Default deaktiviert / Werte entsprechend anpassen /var/ossec/etc/ossec.conf :
..
<email_notification>yes</email_notification>
..
- Authentifizierung des Wazuh Managers gegenüber Agent: https://documentation.wazuh.com/current/user-manual/agent-enrollment/security-options/manager-identity-verification.html / Zertifikat von trusted CA signieren lassen und auf gehts mit signiertem Zertifikat - Überprüfung zB:
- openssl s_client –connect IP_MANAGER:1515
- Entfernen eines Agents über cli: https://documentation.wazuh.com/current/user-manual/agents/remove-agents/remove.html
**************************************** * Wazuh v4.3.10 Agent manager. * * The following options are available: * **************************************** (A)dd an agent (A). (E)xtract key for an agent (E). (L)ist already added agents (L). (R)emove an agent (R). (Q)uit. Choose your action: A,E,L,R or Q: R Available agents: ID: 006, Name: monitoring, IP: any Provide the ID of the agent to be removed (or '\q' to quit): 006 Confirm deleting it?(y/n): y Agent '006' removed.
- Zertifikat des Dashboards austauschen: https://documentation.wazuh.com/current/user-manual/wazuh-dashboard/configuring-third-party-certs/ssl.html
/etc/wazuh-dashboard/certs
Enrollment Agents ohne CA Überprüfung
- ACHTUNG - es wird Keine Validierung der „Identität“ des wazuhs-manager durchgeführt - nicht empfehlenswert
root@monitoring:~# https_proxy="http://IP_PROXY:8080" wget https://packages.wazuh.com/4.x/apt/pool/main/w/wazuh-agent/wazuh-agent_4.3.10-1_amd64.deb -O ./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb && WAZUH_MANAGER='IP_WAZUH' dpkg -i ./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb
--2023-03-09 08:55:32-- https://packages.wazuh.com/4.x/apt/pool/main/w/wazuh-agent/wazuh-agent_4.3.10-1_amd64.deb
Connecting to IP_PROXY:8080... connected.
Proxy request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 8863656 (8.5M) [binary/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb’
./wazuh-agent-4.3.1 100%[===================>] 8.45M 10.8MB/s in 0.8s
2023-03-09 08:55:33 (10.8 MB/s) - ‘./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb’ saved [8863656/8863656]
Selecting previously unselected package wazuh-agent.
(Reading database ... 86428 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack ./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb ...
Unpacking wazuh-agent (4.3.10-1) ...
Setting up wazuh-agent (4.3.10-1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.20) ...
root@monitoring:~# systemctl status wazuh-agent
● wazuh-agent.service - Wazuh agent
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/wazuh-agent.service; disabled; ven>
Active: inactive (dead)
root@monitoring:~# systemctl enable wazuh-agent
Synchronizing state of wazuh-agent.service with SysV service script with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable wazuh-agent
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/wazuh-agent.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/wazuh-agent.service.
root@monitoring:~# systemctl start wazuh-agent
root@monitoring:~# systemctl status wazuh-agent
- tcpdump bzw. Wireshark des Enrollments über tcp/1515
Enrollment Agents mit CA Überprüfung
root@monitoring:~# https_proxy="http://IP_PROXY:8080" wget https://packages.wazuh.com/4.x/apt/pool/main/w/wazuh-agent/wazuh-agent_4.3.10-1_amd64.deb -O wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb && WAZUH_MANAGER='IP_MANAGER' WAZUH_REGISTRATION_CA='/usr/share/ca-certificates/CUSTOM_CA/ca.crt' dpkg -i ./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb --2023-03-09 10:20:00-- https://packages.wazuh.com/4.x/apt/pool/main/w/wazuh-agent/wazuh-agent_4.3.10-1_amd64.deb Connecting to IP_PROXY:8080... connected. Proxy request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 8863656 (8.5M) [binary/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb’ wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb 100%[=============================================================>] 8.45M 7.65MB/s in 1.1s 2023-03-09 10:20:02 (7.65 MB/s) - ‘wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb’ saved [8863656/8863656] Selecting previously unselected package wazuh-agent. (Reading database ... 86428 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack ./wazuh-agent-4.3.10.deb ... Unpacking wazuh-agent (4.3.10-1) ... Setting up wazuh-agent (4.3.10-1) ... Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.20) ... root@monitoring:~# systemctl enable wazuh-agent Synchronizing state of wazuh-agent.service with SysV service script with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install. Executing: /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable wazuh-agent root@monitoring:~# systemctl start wazuh-agent
- Siehe bei vorhandenen Agents /var/ossec/etc/ossec.conf
<enrollment>
<enabled>yes</enabled>
<server_ca_path>PATH_CA</server_ca_path>
</enrollment>
- Debugging - überprüft er auch das Zertifikat:
root@monitoring:/var/ossec/logs# tail ossec.log 2023/03/09 10:30:44 wazuh-agentd: INFO: Requesting a key from server: IP_MANAGER 2023/03/09 10:30:44 wazuh-agentd: INFO: Verifying manager's certificate 2023/03/09 10:30:44 wazuh-agentd: INFO: Manager has been verified successfully
Troubleshooting
- CVE Überprüfung stoppt einfach
- Ubuntu CVE Infos können nicht mehr herunter geladen werden - https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/issues/20573
- Notifications per E-Mail stoppen einfach
- Agent Flooding - https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/issues/206 - siehe ossec.conf , Buffer Size , Queue erhöhen
- wazuh-dashboard „not ready yet“ nach dist-upgrade - thx https://www.reddit.com/r/Wazuh/comments/17nlhed/wazuh_dashboard_server_is_not_ready_yet_resolved/
systemctl stop wazuh-dashboard curl -k -X DELETE -u admin:PASSWORD https://127.0.0.1:9200/.kibana_1 systemctl start wazuh-dashboard
Mrtg - Netzwerk Interface Statistiken
- Anforderungen - Auf schnelle und einfache Weise Netzwerk Interface Auslastungsstatistiken zu erhalten / es läuft ohnehin bereits ein Webserver auf der Firewall / Zugriffe für SNMP ausschließlich über localhost
- Getestet auf: Ubuntu 18.04
- Der Default Cron Job mrtg läuft alle 5 Minuten nach der Installation
root@firewall:~# apt-get install mrtg snmpd Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libnet-snmp-perl libsnmp-session-perl Suggested packages: libcrypt-des-perl libdigest-hmac-perl libio-socket-inet6-perl mrtg-contrib snmptrapd Recommended packages: libio-socket-inet6-perl libsocket6-perl The following NEW packages will be installed: libnet-snmp-perl libsnmp-session-perl mrtg snmpd 0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 605 kB of archives. After this operation, 2,089 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 libnet-snmp-perl all 6.0.1-3 [90.3 kB] Get:2 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 snmpd amd64 5.7.3+dfsg-1.8ubuntu3.6 [57.1 kB] Get:3 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 libsnmp-session-perl all 1.14~git20130523.186a005-2 [141 kB] Get:4 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 mrtg amd64 2.17.4-4.1ubuntu1 [316 kB] Fetched 605 kB in 0s (1,231 kB/s) Preconfiguring packages ... Selecting previously unselected package libnet-snmp-perl. (Reading database ... 251063 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libnet-snmp-perl_6.0.1-3_all.deb ... Unpacking libnet-snmp-perl (6.0.1-3) ... Selecting previously unselected package snmpd. Preparing to unpack .../snmpd_5.7.3+dfsg-1.8ubuntu3.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking snmpd (5.7.3+dfsg-1.8ubuntu3.6) ... Selecting previously unselected package libsnmp-session-perl. Preparing to unpack .../libsnmp-session-perl_1.14~git20130523.186a005-2_all.deb ... Unpacking libsnmp-session-perl (1.14~git20130523.186a005-2) ... Selecting previously unselected package mrtg. Preparing to unpack .../mrtg_2.17.4-4.1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking mrtg (2.17.4-4.1ubuntu1) ... Setting up snmpd (5.7.3+dfsg-1.8ubuntu3.6) ... adduser: Warning: The home directory `/var/lib/snmp' does not belong to the user you are currently creating. Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snmpd.service → /lib/systemd/system/snmpd.service. Setting up libnet-snmp-perl (6.0.1-3) ... Setting up libsnmp-session-perl (1.14~git20130523.186a005-2) ... Setting up mrtg (2.17.4-4.1ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for systemd (237-3ubuntu10.46) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... --------------------------------- vim /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf +49 rocommunity public localhost systemctl restart snmpd ---------------------------------- oot@firewall:~# cfgmaker public@localhost > /etc/mrtg.cfg --base: Get Device Info on public@localhost: --base: Vendor Id: Unknown Vendor - 1.3.6.1.4.1.8072.3.2.10 --base: Populating confcache --base: Get Interface Info --base: Walking ifIndex --snpd: public@localhost: -> 1 -> ifIndex = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 2 -> ifIndex = 2 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 3 -> ifIndex = 3 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 4 -> ifIndex = 4 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 7 -> ifIndex = 7 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 8 -> ifIndex = 8 --base: Walking ifType --snpd: public@localhost: -> 1 -> ifType = 24 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 2 -> ifType = 6 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 3 -> ifType = 6 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 4 -> ifType = 6 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 7 -> ifType = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 8 -> ifType = 1 --base: Walking ifAdminStatus --snpd: public@localhost: -> 1 -> ifAdminStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 2 -> ifAdminStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 3 -> ifAdminStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 4 -> ifAdminStatus = 2 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 7 -> ifAdminStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 8 -> ifAdminStatus = 1 --base: Walking ifOperStatus --snpd: public@localhost: -> 1 -> ifOperStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 2 -> ifOperStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 3 -> ifOperStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 4 -> ifOperStatus = 2 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 7 -> ifOperStatus = 1 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 8 -> ifOperStatus = 1 --base: Walking ifMtu --snpd: public@localhost: -> 1 -> ifMtu = 65536 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 2 -> ifMtu = 1500 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 3 -> ifMtu = 1500 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 4 -> ifMtu = 1500 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 7 -> ifMtu = 1500 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 8 -> ifMtu = 1500 --base: Walking ifSpeed --snpd: public@localhost: -> 1 -> ifSpeed = 10000000 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 2 -> ifSpeed = 4294967295 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 3 -> ifSpeed = 4294967295 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 4 -> ifSpeed = 4294967295 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 7 -> ifSpeed = 0 --snpd: public@localhost: -> 8 -> ifSpeed = 0 ------- Für Indexfile beim Aufruf der Ressource: indexmaker /etc/mrtg.cfg > /var/www/htdocs/stats-network/index.html -------
- Beispielscreenshot:
Apache2 - external Auth Helper mit Skript
- Getestet auf Raspbian Buster
- exit Code 0 → Authentifizierung erfolgreich
- exit Code != 0 → Authentifizierung fehlerhaft
- Apache2 Vhost Konfiguration Auszug:
<VirtualHost *:80>
....
....
DocumentRoot /var/www/administration
<Directory /var/www/administration/>
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Bitte Passwort eingeben"
AuthBasicProvider external
AuthExternal pwauth
require valid-user
</Directory>
AddExternalAuth pwauth /usr/local/bin/check_kids_auth.php
SetExternalAuthMethod pwauth pipe
.....
.....
</VirtualHost>
- check_kids_auth.php
#!/usr/bin/php
<?php
require_once("/var/www/config.php");
#Pipe Username\n and Password\n to php
$auth_data = file("php://stdin");
if(count($auth_data) != 2)
{
exit(1);
}
$USERNAME=trim($auth_data[0]);
$PASSWORD=trim($auth_data[1]);
#We assume it's system initalization
if(!is_readable(LOCATION_PASSWD_FILE))
{
exit(0);
}
$passwd_hash=file_get_contents(LOCATION_PASSWD_FILE);
if($USERNAME==USERNAME_LOGIN && password_verify($PASSWORD,$passwd_hash))
{
exit(0);
}
exit(1);
?>
Nvidia Optimus / Nvidia Karte aktivieren (Kali Linux)
2017-03-23 #1
TiGER511
TiGER511 is offline Junior Member
Join Date
2017-Mar
Posts
22
Cool [TUTORIAL] Installing official NVIDIA driver in Optimus laptop
After spending 4 days in a row,i was finally able to install and run Official NVIDIA driver on my HP Envy 15 laptop.Here is my specs:
CPU: Intel core i7-4510U CPU
GPU #1: Intel HD Graphics 4400
GPU #2: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 850M
My system:
Code:
root@linux:~# uname -a
Linux linux 4.9.0-kali3-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.9.13-1kali3 (2017-03-13) x86_64 GNU/Linux
Code:
root@linux:~# cat /etc/*release*
DISTRIB_ID=Kali
DISTRIB_RELEASE=kali-rolling
DISTRIB_CODENAME=kali-rolling
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Kali GNU/Linux Rolling"
PRETTY_NAME="Kali GNU/Linux Rolling"
NAME="Kali GNU/Linux"
ID=kali
VERSION="2016.2"
VERSION_ID="2016.2"
ID_LIKE=debian
ANSI_COLOR="1;31"
HOME_URL="http://www.kali.org/"
SUPPORT_URL="http://forums.kali.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="http://bugs.kali.org/"
Before we begin,couple of notes:
***USE AT YOUR OWN RISK***
*This tutorial is for official NVIDIA Driver not Bumblebee
*Tutorial found on official Kali website is BROKEN! It never works for optimus/hybrid Graphics enabled laptop
1. Verify you have hybrid graphics
Code:
lspci | grep -E "VGA|3D"
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b)
0a:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM107M [GeForce GTX 850M] (rev a2)
2.Disable nouveau
Code:
echo -e "blacklist nouveau\noptions nouveau modeset=0\nalias nouveau off" > /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nouveau.conf
update-initramfs -u && reboot
3.system will reboot and nouveau should be disabled.verify if nouveau is disabled:
Code:
lsmod |grep -i nouveau
If shows nothing,means nouveau successfully disabled.
4.Install nvidia driver from kali repo:
Code:
apt-get install nvidia-driver nvidia-xconfig
You can also download latest .run file from nvidia website.execute and procceed with installation.whether its from kali repo or nvidia website,procedure is same.
5.Now we have to find bus id of our nvidia card:
Code:
nvidia-xconfig --query-gpu-info | grep 'BusID : ' | cut -d ' ' -f6
it should show something like this:
Code:
PCI:10:0:0
This is our Bus ID.
6.Now we generate /etc/X11/xorg.conf file with this bus ID according to nvidia guide http://us.download.nvidia.com/XFree8...E/randr14.html:
Code:
Section "ServerLayout"
Identifier "layout"
Screen 0 "nvidia"
Inactive "intel"
EndSection
Section "Device"
Identifier "nvidia"
Driver "nvidia"
BusID "PCI:10:0:0"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
Identifier "nvidia"
Device "nvidia"
Option "AllowEmptyInitialConfiguration"
EndSection
Section "Device"
Identifier "intel"
Driver "modesetting"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
Identifier "intel"
Device "intel"
EndSection
Replace the bold string with your Bus ID and save it to /etc/X11/xorg.conf
7.Now we have to create some scripts according to our display manager https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php...splay_Managers.Since im using default Kali linux which is GDM,i created two files:
/usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart/optimus.desktop
/etc/xdg/autostart/optimus.desktop
with the following content:
Code:
[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=Optimus
Exec=sh -c "xrandr --setprovideroutputsource modesetting NVIDIA-0; xrandr --auto"
NoDisplay=true
X-GNOME-Autostart-Phase=DisplayServer
8. Now reboot and you should be using Nvidia Driver.Verify if everything is ok:
Code:
root@kali:~# glxinfo | grep -i "direct rendering"
direct rendering: Yes
Optional: you can now install your cuda toolkits:
Code:
apt-get install ocl-icd-libopencl1 nvidia-cuda-toolkit
FIXING SCREEN TEARING ISSUE:
After you successfully boot up with Nvidia Driver, you most probably experiencing screen tearing issue eg: playing videos in VLC,youtube video on Chrome/Firefox etc.Luckily,we can fix this by enabling PRIME Sync.
1.Verify if PRIME is disabled
Code:
xrandr --verbose|grep PRIME
it should output something like this:
PRIME Synchronization: 0
PRIME Synchronization: 1
First one is our connected display.So PRIME sync is disabled.
2. Edit /etc/default/grub and append nvidia-drm.modeset=1 in GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT after quiet.Like the following:
Code:
....
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet nvidia-drm.modeset=1"
...
3.Save the changes.Update grub
Code:
update-grub
4.Reboot your system.
5.Verify if PRIME is enabled:
Code:
xrandr --verbose|grep PRIME
Now it should output:
PRIME Synchronization: 1
PRIME Synchronization: 1
If it still shows 0 for you,then there is probably something wrong with your system config/kernel.Since this is still an experimental feature from Nvidia,you are out of luck.
***IF YOU STUCK IN BOOT SCREEN***
Revert what we have done so far:
Press CTRL+ALT+F2 or CTRL+ALT+F3 ,login with your password.
Code:
apt-get remove --purge nvidia*
rm -rf /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Remove those display manager files we created earlier (for GDM):
Code:
rm -rf /usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart/optimus.desktop
rm -rf /etc/xdg/autostart/optimus.desktop
Now reboot.you should be able get back to your old system.
Last edited by TiGER511; 2017-04-04 at 17:59. Reason: Screen tearing fix added.
- Damit hashcat funktioniert !!
- Mit clinfo erscheint danach auch die CUDA Karte!
apt-get install nvidia-cuda-doc nvidia-opencl-icd
usrmerge Probleme (Kali Linux)
- Zum Teil liegen noch files in /lib sowie /usr/lib
- auf Quelle der Lösung verweisen / stackoverflow ?
for f in `find /bin -mindepth 1 ! -type l`; do sudo mv $f /usr/bin/$(basename ${f}); sudo ln -s /usr/bin/$(basename ${f}) $f;done
for f in `find /sbin -mindepth 1 ! -type l`; do sudo mv $f /usr/sbin/$(basename ${f}); sudo ln -s /usr/sbin/$(basename ${f}) $f;done
for f in `find /lib/udev/rules.d -mindepth 1 ! -type l`; do sudo mv $f /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/$(basename ${f}); sudo ln -s /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/$(basename ${f}) $f;done
for f in `find /lib/systemd/system -mindepth 1 ! -type l`; do sudo mv $f /usr/lib/systemd/system/$(basename ${f}); sudo ln -s /usr/lib/systemd/system/$(basename ${f}) $f;done
for f in `find /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -mindepth 1 ! -type l`; do sudo mv $f /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/$(basename ${f}); sudo ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/$(basename ${f}) $f;done
for f in `find /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -mindepth 1 ! -type l`; do mv $f /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/$(basename ${f}); ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/$(basename ${f}) $f;done
Sound reparieren (Kali Linux)
- Nach letztem Update werden keine Sound Devices gefunden (pipewire-pulse stört)
enable pulseaudio for the current user
urnilxfgbez@mrChief:~$ systemctl --user status pulseaudio
● pulseaudio.service - Sound Service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/user/pulseaudio.service; enabled; vendor >
Drop-In: /usr/lib/systemd/user/pulseaudio.service.d
└─kali_pulseaudio.conf
Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-01-13 17:35:11 CET; 32s ago
TriggeredBy: ● pulseaudio.socket
Main PID: 1357 (pulseaudio)
Tasks: 4 (limit: 19044)
Memory: 27.0M
CPU: 166ms
CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/user@1000.service/session.slice/pulsea>
└─1357 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no --log-target=journal
Jan 13 17:35:11 mrChief systemd[1336]: Starting Sound Service...
Jan 13 17:35:11 mrChief systemd[1336]: Started Sound Service.
urnilxfgbez@mrChief:~$ apt-get remove pipewire-pulse
Google Chrome Repository (Debian,Ubuntu)
Content: ### THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY CONFIGURED ### # You may comment out this entry, but any other modifications may be lost. deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main
"Default" Programm auswählen zB: java JRE
- update-alternatives –display java
- update-alternatives –config java
root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# update-alternatives --display java java - manual mode link best version is /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java link currently points to /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-8-oracle-x64/jre/bin/java link java is /usr/bin/java slave java.1.gz is /usr/share/man/man1/java.1.gz /usr/lib/jvm/java-10-openjdk-amd64/bin/java - priority 1101 slave java.1.gz: /usr/lib/jvm/java-10-openjdk-amd64/man/man1/java.1.gz /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java - priority 1111 slave java.1.gz: /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/man/man1/java.1.gz /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java - priority 1081 slave java.1.gz: /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/jre/man/man1/java.1.gz /usr/lib/jvm/java-9-openjdk-amd64/bin/java - priority 1091 slave java.1.gz: /usr/lib/jvm/java-9-openjdk-amd64/man/man1/java.1.gz /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-8-oracle-x64/jre/bin/java - priority 318 slave java.1.gz: /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-8-oracle-x64/man/man1/java.1.gz root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-8-oracle-x64/jre/bin/java -version java version "1.8.0_51" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_51-b16) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.51-b03, mixed mode) root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# java -version java version "1.8.0_51" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_51-b16) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.51-b03, mixed mode) root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# update-alternatives --config java There are 5 choices for the alternative java (providing /usr/bin/java). Selection Path Priority Status ------------------------------------------------------------ 0 /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1111 auto mode 1 /usr/lib/jvm/java-10-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1101 manual mode 2 /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1111 manual mode 3 /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java 1081 manual mode 4 /usr/lib/jvm/java-9-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1091 manual mode * 5 /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-8-oracle-x64/jre/bin/java 318 manual mode Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 0 update-alternatives: using /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java to provide /usr/bin/java (java) in auto mode root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# java -version openjdk version "11.0.3" 2019-04-16 OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 11.0.3+1-Debian-1) OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 11.0.3+1-Debian-1, mixed mode, sharing -> gleiche mit javaws für web start
XFCE4
- Sollte Desktop nicht „nachgezeichnet“ werden und keine Icons u.a. rm -rf ~/.cache/sessions/*
CA Zertifikat hinzufügen (Debian,Ubuntu)
- Getestet auf Debian stretch
- CA Zertifikat im PEM Format
- Bei dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates → ASK → Zertifikat auswählen und OK - bei der Ausgabe sollte erscheinen , dass er eines hinzugefügt hat
- Getestet werden kann zB: mit wget auf entsprechende Seite wo ein Zertifikat existiert das von CA unterschrieben wurde
root@mrAdblock:/tmp# mkdir /usr/share/ca-certificates/extra root@mrAdblock:/tmp# vim /usr/share/ca-certificates/extra/pannoniait.crt root@mrAdblock:/tmp# dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates
xfreerdp-helper-freerdp2
- Quick and dirty
- Hostname entweder direkt über cli oder zenity
- Username und Passwort immer über zenity
- rdpc.sh
#!/bin/bash infoCodes=$(cat << EOF /* section 0-15: protocol-independent codes */ XF_EXIT_SUCCESS = 0, XF_EXIT_DISCONNECT = 1, XF_EXIT_LOGOFF = 2, XF_EXIT_IDLE_TIMEOUT = 3, XF_EXIT_LOGON_TIMEOUT = 4, XF_EXIT_CONN_REPLACED = 5, XF_EXIT_OUT_OF_MEMORY = 6, XF_EXIT_CONN_DENIED = 7, XF_EXIT_CONN_DENIED_FIPS = 8, XF_EXIT_USER_PRIVILEGES = 9, XF_EXIT_FRESH_CREDENTIALS_REQUIRED = 10, XF_EXIT_DISCONNECT_BY_USER = 11, /* section 16-31: license error set */ XF_EXIT_LICENSE_INTERNAL = 16, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_NO_LICENSE_SERVER = 17, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_NO_LICENSE = 18, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_BAD_CLIENT_MSG = 19, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_HWID_DOESNT_MATCH = 20, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_BAD_CLIENT = 21, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_CANT_FINISH_PROTOCOL = 22, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_CLIENT_ENDED_PROTOCOL = 23, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_BAD_CLIENT_ENCRYPTION = 24, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_CANT_UPGRADE = 25, XF_EXIT_LICENSE_NO_REMOTE_CONNECTIONS = 26, /* section 32-127: RDP protocol error set */ XF_EXIT_RDP = 32, /* section 128-254: xfreerdp specific exit codes */ XF_EXIT_PARSE_ARGUMENTS = 128, XF_EXIT_MEMORY = 129, XF_EXIT_PROTOCOL = 130, XF_EXIT_CONN_FAILED = 131, XF_EXIT_AUTH_FAILURE = 132, XF_EXIT_UNKNOWN = 255, EOF) [[ -n "$1" ]] && HOSTNAME="$1" [[ -z "$1" ]] && HOSTNAME=$(zenity --entry --title="Hostname:" --text="Hostname:") USERNAME=$(zenity --entry --title="Username ($HOSTNAME):" --text="Username ($HOSTNAME):") PASSWORD=$(zenity --text="Password ($HOSTNAME):" --password --title="Password ($HOSTNAME):") xfreerdp /u:$USERNAME /p:"$PASSWORD" /v:$HOSTNAME /drive:tmp,/tmp /dynamic-resolution /h:600 /w:1280 /encryption-methods:128,FIPS /network:auto returnFree="$?" [[ $returnFree != "0" ]] && zenity --error --text="Error Code: $returnFree\n$infoCodes"
integrity-check-boot service
- Quick and dirty um folgenden Fall abzudecken: Das Notebook wird ohne Kenntnis des Besitzers entwendet initramfs verändert um das Boot Passwort aufzuzeichenn und abermals das Notebook zu entwenden
- Beim Herunterfahren werden die Hashes aller Dateien in /boot erstellt, die beim Hochfahren überprüft werden
- Die Verifikationsdateien befinden sich auf dem verschlüsselten Teil des Systems
- Skript: /usr/local/bin/integ.sh
#!/bin/bash
function usage {
echo "Usage: $0 [c|v]"
echo "c...create hashes"
echo "v...veriy hashes"
exit 0
}
HASH_DIRECTORY="/boot"
HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE="/usr/local/bin/hashes.sha256"
HASH_COUNT_VERIFICATION_FILE="/usr/local/bin/hashes.sha256.count"
function verifyDirectoryHashes {
echo "verify"
[[ ! -f $HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE ]] && echo "Hashes: $HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE not found" && exit 2
[[ ! -f $HASH_COUNT_VERIFICATION_FILE ]] && echo "Hashes Count: $HASH_COUNT_VERIFICATION_FILE not found" && exit 2
date1=$(date -u +"%s")
sha256sum --strict --quiet -c $HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE
retCode=$?
date2=$(date -u +"%s")
diff=$(($date2-$date1))
amount=$(find $HASH_DIRECTORY -type f | wc -l | cut -d " " -f 1)
amountStored=$(cat $HASH_COUNT_VERIFICATION_FILE )
echo "$(($diff / 60)) minutes and $(($diff % 60)) seconds elapsed."
echo "Hashes verified: $amountStored"
echo "Files actually found: $amount"
echo "done"
[[ $retCode != "0" ]] && echo "Stored files in: $HASH_DIRECTORY do NOT LOOK OK" && zenity --error --text "Stored files in $HASH_DIRECTORY do NOT LOOK OK - ATTENTION"
[[ $retCode == "0" ]] && echo "Stored files in: $HASH_DIRECTORY look OK" && zenity --info --text "Stored files in: $HASH_DIRECTORY look OK"
[[ $amount != $amountStored ]] && echo "File Count in: $HASH_DIRECTORY is NOT OK Current Count: $amount , Count previously saved: $amountStored " && zenity --error --text "File Count in: $HASH_DIRECTORY is NOT OK Current Count: $amount , Count previously saved: $amountStored - ATTENTION"
exit $retCode
}
function createDirectoryHashes {
echo "create hashes"
echo -n > $HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE
date1=$(date -u +"%s")
find $HASH_DIRECTORY -type f -exec sha256sum {} >> $HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE \;
date2=$(date -u +"%s")
diff=$(($date2-$date1))
amount=$(wc -l $HASH_VERIFICATION_FILE | cut -d " " -f 1)
echo "$(($diff / 60)) minutes and $(($diff % 60)) seconds elapsed."
echo "Hashes created: $amount"
echo $amount > $HASH_COUNT_VERIFICATION_FILE
echo "done"
exit 0
}
ACTION="$1"
[[ $ACTION != "c" && $ACTION != "v" ]] && echo "Either verify or create" && usage
[[ $ACTION == "c" ]] && createDirectoryHashes
[[ $ACTION == "v" ]] && verifyDirectoryHashes
- Systemd Startup:
root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# cat /lib/systemd/system/integ-boot.service [Unit] Description=integrity boot service [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/integ.sh v ExecStop=/usr/local/bin/integ.sh c RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# systemctl enable integ-boot
- Graphical Startup:
openwrt
- Loving and using it since 2015 :)
802.11s Mesh Wifi
- Ziel: Performante WLAN Brücke über 2GHZ und 5GHZ
- Hardware: TP-Link AC1750 C7 2.0
- Firmware: OpenWrt 18.06-SNAPSHOT, r7724-6c3ca1d , Eigenbau
root@router1:~# opkg list-installed ath10k-firmware-qca4019 - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 ath10k-firmware-qca6174 - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 ath10k-firmware-qca9887 - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 ath10k-firmware-qca9888 - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 ath10k-firmware-qca988x - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 ath10k-firmware-qca9984 - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 ath10k-firmware-qca99x0 - 2018-05-12-952afa49-1 base-files - 194.2-r7724-6c3ca1d busybox - 1.28.4-3 dnsmasq-full - 2.80-1.4 dropbear - 2017.75-7.1 ethtool - 4.19-1 firewall - 2018-08-13-1c4d5bcd-1 fstools - 2018-12-28-af93f4b8-3 fwtool - 1 hostapd-common - 2018-05-21-62566bc2-5 htop - 2.2.0-1 ip-tiny - 4.16.0-8 ip6tables - 1.6.2-1 iperf - 2.0.12-2 iptables - 1.6.2-1 iw - 4.14-1 iwinfo - 2018-07-31-65b8333f-1 jshn - 2018-07-25-c83a84af-2 jsonfilter - 2018-02-04-c7e938d6-1 kernel - 4.9.164-1-3f5d65b8ac169a2b710fb39d45f1492e kmod-ath - 4.9.164+2017-11-01-10 kmod-ath10k - 4.9.164+2017-11-01-10 kmod-ath9k - 4.9.164+2017-11-01-10 kmod-ath9k-common - 4.9.164+2017-11-01-10 kmod-cfg80211 - 4.9.164+2017-11-01-10 kmod-gpio-button-hotplug - 4.9.164-2 kmod-hwmon-core - 4.9.164-1 kmod-ip6tables - 4.9.164-1 kmod-ipt-conntrack - 4.9.164-1 kmod-ipt-core - 4.9.164-1 kmod-ipt-ipset - 4.9.164-1 kmod-ipt-nat - 4.9.164-1 kmod-ipt-nat6 - 4.9.164-1 kmod-mac80211 - 4.9.164+2017-11-01-10 kmod-mii - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-conntrack - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-conntrack-netlink - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-conntrack6 - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-ipt - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-ipt6 - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-nat - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-nat6 - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-reject - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nf-reject6 - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nfnetlink - 4.9.164-1 kmod-nls-base - 4.9.164-1 kmod-tun - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb-core - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb-ehci - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb-ledtrig-usbport - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb-net - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb-net-cdc-ether - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb-ohci - 4.9.164-1 kmod-usb2 - 4.9.164-1 libblobmsg-json - 2018-07-25-c83a84af-2 libc - 1.1.19-1 libgcc - 7.3.0-1 libgmp - 6.1.2-1 libip4tc - 1.6.2-1 libip6tc - 1.6.2-1 libiwinfo - 2018-07-31-65b8333f-1 libiwinfo-lua - 2018-07-31-65b8333f-1 libjson-c - 0.12.1-2 libjson-script - 2018-07-25-c83a84af-2 liblua - 5.1.5-1 liblucihttp - 2018-05-18-cb119ded-1 liblucihttp-lua - 2018-05-18-cb119ded-1 liblzo - 2.10-1 libmnl - 1.0.4-1 libncurses - 6.1-1 libnetfilter-conntrack - 2017-07-25-e8704326-1 libnettle - 3.4-1 libnfnetlink - 1.0.1-1 libnl-tiny - 0.1-5 libopenssl - 1.0.2q-1 libpthread - 1.1.19-1 libubox - 2018-07-25-c83a84af-2 libubus - 2018-10-06-221ce7e7-1 libubus-lua - 2018-10-06-221ce7e7-1 libuci - 2018-08-11-4c8b4d6e-1 libuclient - 2018-11-24-3ba74ebc-1 libxtables - 1.6.2-1 logd - 2018-02-14-128bc35f-2 lua - 5.1.5-1 luci - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-app-firewall - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-base - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-lib-ip - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-lib-jsonc - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-lib-nixio - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-mod-admin-full - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-proto-ipv6 - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-proto-ppp - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 luci-theme-bootstrap - git-19.079.57770-b99e77d-1 mtd - 23 netifd - 2019-01-31-a2aba5c7-2.1 odhcp6c - 2018-07-14-67ae6a71-15 openvpn-openssl - 2.4.5-4.2 openwrt-keyring - 2018-05-18-103a32e9-1 opkg - 2019-01-18-7708a01a-1 procd - 2018-03-28-dfb68f85-1 rpcd - 2018-11-28-3aa81d0d-1 rpcd-mod-rrdns - 20170710 swconfig - 11 terminfo - 6.1-1 uboot-envtools - 2018.03-1 ubox - 2018-02-14-128bc35f-2 ubus - 2018-10-06-221ce7e7-1 ubusd - 2018-10-06-221ce7e7-1 uci - 2018-08-11-4c8b4d6e-1 uclibcxx - 0.2.4-3 uclient-fetch - 2018-11-24-3ba74ebc-1 uhttpd - 2018-11-28-cdfc902a-2 usign - 2015-07-04-ef641914-1 wireless-regdb - 2017-10-20-4343d359 wpad-mesh-openssl - 2018-05-21-62566bc2-5
- /etc/config/wireless
root@router1:~# cat /etc/config/wireless
config wifi-device 'radio0'
option type 'mac80211'
option country '00'
option channel '1'
option hwmode '11g'
option path 'platform/qca955x_wmac'
option htmode 'HT40+'
option disabled '0'
config wifi-device 'radio1'
option country '00'
option type 'mac80211'
option channel '36'
option hwmode '11a'
option path 'pci0000:01/0000:01:00.0'
option htmode 'VHT80'
option disabled '0'
config wifi-iface 'mesh5'
option device 'radio1'
option network 'lan'
option mode 'mesh'
option mesh_id 'foo5'
option encryption 'psk2/aes'
option key 'PSK_MESH_KEY_HERE'
config wifi-iface 'mesh2'
option device 'radio0'
option network 'lan'
option mode 'mesh'
option mesh_id 'foo2'
option encryption 'psk2/aes'
option key 'PSK_MESH_KEY_HERE'
config wifi-iface 'clients'
option device 'radio0'
option network 'lan'
option mode 'ap'
option encryption 'psk2'
option key 'PSK_ADDITIONAL_WLAN_HERE'
option ssid 'SSID_ADDITIONAL_WLAN_HERE'
- /etc/config/network
root@router1:~# cat /etc/config/network
config interface 'loopback'
option ifname 'lo'
option proto 'static'
option ipaddr '127.0.0.1'
option netmask '255.0.0.0'
config interface 'lan'
option type 'bridge'
option ifname 'eth1.1 eth0.2'
option proto 'static'
option ipaddr '192.168.1.1'
option netmask '255.255.255.0'
option stp '1'
config switch
option name 'switch0'
option reset '1'
option enable_vlan '1'
config switch_vlan
option device 'switch0'
option vlan '1'
option ports '2 3 4 5 0t'
config switch_vlan
option device 'switch0'
option vlan '2'
option ports '1 6t'
- Performance Iperf Notebook1 (192.168.1.10) ↔ router1 ↔MESH 2/5GHZ↔router2↔ Notebook2 (192.168.1.5)
- ~230Mbit sind möglich
iperf -c 192.168.1.5 -t 7200 -i 300 ------------------------------------------------------------ Client connecting to 192.168.1.5, TCP port 5001 TCP window size: 85.0 KByte (default) ------------------------------------------------------------ [ 3] local 192.168.1.10 port 44742 connected with 192.168.1.5 port 5001 [ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth [ 3] 0.0-300.0 sec 8.39 GBytes 240 Mbits/sec [ 3] 300.0-600.0 sec 8.83 GBytes 253 Mbits/sec [ 3] 600.0-900.0 sec 8.92 GBytes 255 Mbits/sec [ 3] 900.0-1200.0 sec 8.23 GBytes 236 Mbits/sec [ 3] 1200.0-1500.0 sec 8.08 GBytes 231 Mbits/sec [ 3] 1500.0-1800.0 sec 7.96 GBytes 228 Mbits/sec [ 3] 1800.0-2100.0 sec 8.06 GBytes 231 Mbits/sec [ 3] 2100.0-2400.0 sec 8.17 GBytes 234 Mbits/sec [ 3] 2400.0-2700.0 sec 8.76 GBytes 251 Mbits/sec [ 3] 2700.0-3000.0 sec 8.83 GBytes 253 Mbits/sec [ 3] 3000.0-3300.0 sec 8.84 GBytes 253 Mbits/sec [ 3] 3300.0-3600.0 sec 8.78 GBytes 251 Mbits/sec [ 3] 3600.0-3900.0 sec 8.07 GBytes 231 Mbits/sec
- Empfangsqualität
root@router2:~# iw wlan0 station dump Station c4:6e:1f:73:4e:dc (on wlan0) inactive time: 10 ms rx bytes: 198828976381 rx packets: 127736272 tx bytes: 5907694319 tx packets: 53180353 tx retries: 0 tx failed: 62 rx drop misc: 174 signal: -56 [-64, -59, -60] dBm signal avg: -56 [-64, -58, -60] dBm Toffset: 18446744073242107607 us tx bitrate: 6.0 MBit/s rx bitrate: 975.0 MBit/s VHT-MCS 7 80MHz short GI VHT-NSS 3 rx duration: 2583998012 us mesh llid: 0 mesh plid: 0 mesh plink: ESTAB mesh local PS mode: ACTIVE mesh peer PS mode: ACTIVE mesh non-peer PS mode: ACTIVE authorized: yes authenticated: yes associated: yes preamble: long WMM/WME: yes MFP: yes TDLS peer: no DTIM period: 2 beacon interval:100 connected time: 6145 seconds root@router1:~# iw wlan0 station dump Station d4:6e:0e:36:1f:18 (on wlan0) inactive time: 0 ms rx bytes: 5875172367 rx packets: 52915454 tx bytes: 197338102690 tx packets: 126668449 tx retries: 0 tx failed: 52 rx drop misc: 57340 signal: -61 [-67, -62, -73] dBm signal avg: -60 [-66, -61, -72] dBm Toffset: 467444260 us tx bitrate: 6.0 MBit/s rx bitrate: 585.0 MBit/s VHT-MCS 4 80MHz short GI VHT-NSS 3 rx duration: 699504416 us mesh llid: 0 mesh plid: 0 mesh plink: ESTAB mesh local PS mode: ACTIVE mesh peer PS mode: ACTIVE mesh non-peer PS mode: ACTIVE authorized: yes authenticated: yes associated: yes preamble: long WMM/WME: yes MFP: yes TDLS peer: no DTIM period: 2 beacon interval:100 connected time: 6101 seconds
Upgrades von älteren Versionen
- TP-Link 841n v8.2 Barrier Breaker r35421 Upgrade auf OpenWrt 18.06-SNAPSHOT, r7724-6c3ca1d funktioniert
- TP-Link 841n 9.1 CHAOS CALMER (15.05, r46767) Upgrade auf OpenWrt 18.06-SNAPSHOT,r7724-6c3ca1d funktioniert
- TP-Link C7 v2 EU OpenWrt 18.06-SNAPSHOT, r7724-6c3ca1d Upgrade auf OpenWrt 21.02-SNAPSHOT, r16126-fc0fd54738 funktioniert
- zB: V8 des WLAN Routers:
root@mrMicrobox-1:/tmp# sysupgrade -v openwrt-ar71xx-tiny-tl-wr841-v8-squashfs-s
ysupgrade.bin
Saving config files...
etc/sysctl.conf
etc/shells
etc/shadow
etc/rc.local
etc/profile
etc/passwd
etc/inittab
etc/hosts
etc/group
etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key
etc/dropbear/dropbear_dss_host_key
etc/dropbear/authorized_keys
etc/dnsmasq.conf
etc/config/wireless
etc/config/ubootenv
etc/config/system
etc/config/openvpn
etc/config/network
etc/config/dropbear
etc/config/dhcp
Sending TERM to remaining processes ... dnsmasq openvpn openvpn ntpd syslogd klogd hotplug2 procd ubusd netifd
Sending KILL to remaining processes ...
Switching to ramdisk...
Performing system upgrade...
Unlocking firmware ...
Writing from <stdin> to firmware ...
Appending jffs2 data from /tmp/sysupgrade.tgz to firmware...TRX header not found
Error fixing up TRX header
Upgrade completed
Rebooting system...
root@mrMicrobox-1:~# cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.9.164 (dev@develop-openwrt) (gcc version 7.3.0 (OpenWrt GCC 7.3.0 r7724-6c3ca1d) ) #0 Mon Mar 25 09:51:50 2019
- Version 22.04 auf 24.10 - GL inet GL-B1300 reset Configuration sysupgrade -n /tmp/foo.bin funktioniert :
root@bridge01:/tmp# sysupgrade -v /tmp/openwrt-ipq40xx-generic-glinet_gl-b1300-s
quashfs-sysupgrade.bin
Mon Nov 7 11:02:50 UTC 2022 upgrade: The device is supported, but the config is incompatible to the new image (1.0->1.1). Please upgrade without keeping config (sysupgrade -n).
Mon Nov 7 11:02:50 UTC 2022 upgrade: Config cannot be migrated from swconfig to DSA
Image check failed.
root@bridge01:/tmp# sysupgrade -v -n /tmp/openwrt-ipq40xx-generic-glinet_gl-b13
00-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin
Mon Nov 7 11:03:10 UTC 2022 upgrade: Commencing upgrade. Closing all shell sessions.
Command failed: Connection failed
root@bridge01:/tmp# Connection to 192.168.8.1 closed by remote host.
Connection to 192.168.8.1 closed.
yesss ->
BusyBox v1.36.1 (2025-05-18 07:59:53 UTC) built-in shell (ash)
_______ ________ __
| |.-----.-----.-----.| | | |.----.| |_
| - || _ | -__| || | | || _|| _|
|_______|| __|_____|__|__||________||__| |____|
|__| W I R E L E S S F R E E D O M
-----------------------------------------------------
OpenWrt 24.10-SNAPSHOT, r28656-a53d175865
-----------------------------------------------------
=== WARNING! =====================================
There is no root password defined on this device!
Use the "passwd" command to set up a new password
in order to prevent unauthorized SSH logins.
--------------------------------------------------
root@OpenWrt:~#
Welche Branches gibt es ?
- openwrt-24.10 currently stable
64 min ago main shortlog | log | tree 64 min ago master shortlog | log | tree 7 hours ago openwrt-24.10 shortlog | log | tree 31 hours ago openwrt-23.05 shortlog | log | tree 9 months ago openwrt-22.03 shortlog | log | tree 18 months ago openwrt-21.02 shortlog | log | tree 19 months ago openwrt-19.07 shortlog | log | tree 4 years ago openwrt-18.06 shortlog | log | tree 5 years ago lede-17.01 shortlog | log | tree
feeds aktualsieren
- Im Root der Build Umgebung
- ./scripts/feeds update -a / ./scripts/feeds install -a
git / sources hinzufügen branch auswählen
- danach befindet man sich im branch master
- Um zu wechseln cd ins openwrt und git checkout branch zB: git checkout openwrt-18.06
git / pakete aktualisieren
- Pakete aktualisieren in der vorhandenen Build Umgebung
- git pull
"anomeome, post:6, topic:9646"] #!/bin/sh # #CDBU=$(date +"%F_%H%M%S") #BAK="../abu/$CDBU" #cp .config "$BAK" # or set aside the config diff after it is generated, whatever #make clean (dir/dist) # i tend to the following rather than the previous, YMMV # rm -rf bin build_dir tmp #git pull #./scripts/feeds update -a #./scripts/feeds install -a #./scripts/diffconfig.sh > configdiff #cp configdiff .config #make defconfig;make oldconfig
VLANs
- Getestet auf TP-Link EAP225 (https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/product/B01LLAK1UG) und OpenWrt 21.02-SNAPSHOT, r16399-c67509efd7
- Ich möchte quasi ein WLAN am AccessPort untagged und ein WLAN am virtuellen Port tagged im VLAN 27 / WLAN werden entweder in interface lan oder multi gehängt
..
config device
option name 'br-lan'
option type 'bridge'
list ports 'eth0'
config device
option name 'br-multi'
option type 'bridge'
list ports 'eth0.27'
config interface 'multi'
option device 'br-multi'
option proto 'none'
config interface 'lan'
option device 'br-lan'
option proto 'dhcp'
..
opkg to apk
- Im Snapshot Image vom firmware selector wird apk verwendet - 20241119 (https://github.com/openwrt/openwrt/commit/40b8fbaa9754c86480eefc3692c9116a51a64718)
root@emmc:~# apk search ethtool ethtool-6.10-r1 ethtool-full-6.10-r1 root@emmc:~# apk add ethtool (1/1) Installing ethtool (6.10-r1) Executing ethtool-6.10-r1.post-install OK: 28 MiB in 149 packages root@emmc:~# ethtool ethtool: bad command line argument(s) For more information run ethtool -h root@emmc:~# apk add iperf iperf3 iftop (1/9) Installing terminfo (6.4-r2) Executing terminfo-6.4-r2.post-install (2/9) Installing libncurses6 (6.4-r2) Executing libncurses6-6.4-r2.post-install (3/9) Installing libpcap1 (1.10.5-r1) Executing libpcap1-1.10.5-r1.post-install (4/9) Installing iftop (2018.10.03~77901c8c-r2) Executing iftop-2018.10.03~77901c8c-r2.post-install (5/9) Installing libstdcpp6 (13.3.0-r4) Executing libstdcpp6-13.3.0-r4.post-install (6/9) Installing iperf (2.1.9-r1) Executing iperf-2.1.9-r1.post-install (7/9) Installing libatomic1 (13.3.0-r4) Executing libatomic1-13.3.0-r4.post-install (8/9) Installing libiperf3 (3.17.1-r3) Executing libiperf3-3.17.1-r3.post-install (9/9) Installing iperf3 (3.17.1-r3) Executing iperf3-3.17.1-r3.post-install OK: 32 MiB in 158 packages
- Zusätzliche Info: (danke https://forum.openwrt.org/t/the-future-is-now-opkg-vs-apk/201164 )
opkg vs apk
Note: APK is Alpine Linux's "Alpine Package Keeper" and has nothing to do with Android or other systems that may be using the same acronym.
Refs:
APK docs on Alpine 62
Arch apk man page 40
Arch apk-list man page 12
Interesting note under "Update the Package list". I have not been able to make -U work, it seems to be ignored, but --update-cache works fine.
Adding the --update-cache/-U switch to another apk command, as in
apk --update-cache upgrade
or
apk -U add ...
has the same effect as first running 'apk update' before the
other apk command.
Just as with opkg most commands allow an optional package name pattern (denoted [P] in commands below). Again, like opkg, the patterns are file globs, e.g., *dns* matches every package with dns somewhere in its name.
Command Description
apk -h show commands and summaries
apk subcmd -h help specific to "subcmd"
apk update force update of local indexes, same as opkg
Add and remove
apk opkg Description
apk update opkg update refresh the package feeds
apk add pkg opkg install pkg install "pkg"
apk del pkg opkg remove pkg uninstall "pkg"
Adding is substantially the same with both package managers. One difference is that apk wants you to provide valid signatures for all packages, while opkg ignores this on local ones, so if you're installing a non-standard (self-built) package, use the --allow-untrusted option:
$ apk add ./owut_2024.07.01~189b2721-r1.apk
ERROR: ./owut_2024.07.01~189b2721-r1.apk: UNTRUSTED signature
$ apk add --allow-untrusted ./owut_2024.07.01~189b2721-r1.apk
OK: 2313 MiB in 569 packages
Using our note above about --update-cache, we can now replace the traditional chained opkg commands with a single apk one.
$ opkg update && opkg install dnsmasq-full
becomes
$ apk --update-cache add dnsmasq-full
List commands
To reiterate, P is a file glob in the following.
(editor's note: wrapping of the commands in the table is not optimal)
apk opkg Description
apk list opkg list show everything available
apk list P opkg list P show matches for "P", or if you prefer regex then pipe through grep
apk list --installed [P] opkg list-installed show all installed or those matching "P"
apk list --upgradeable [P] opkg list-upgradable show upgradeable packages
apk list --providers [P] opkg -A whatprovides P show all packages that provide "P"
Interesting variants
apk list --installed --orphaned - shows any dependencies that have been orphaned, i.e., unused packages that may be safely deleted
Comparative examples of listings:
$ opkg -A whatprovides dnsmasq # Show all candidates
What provides dnsmasq
dnsmasq-dhcpv6
dnsmasq
dnsmasq-full
$ apk list --providers dnsmasq
<dnsmasq> dnsmasq-2.90-r3 x86_64 {dnsmasq} (GPL-2.0-or-later)
<dnsmasq> dnsmasq-dnssec-2.90-r3 x86_64 {dnsmasq} (GPL-2.0-or-later)
<dnsmasq> dnsmasq-dnssec-dbus-2.90-r3 x86_64 {dnsmasq} (GPL-2.0-or-later)
<dnsmasq> dnsmasq-dnssec-nftset-2.90-r3 x86_64 {dnsmasq} (GPL-2.0-or-later)
Show installed provider for dnsmasq:
$ opkg whatprovides dnsmasq # Show the installed provider
What provides dnsmasq
dnsmasq-full
$ apk list --installed --providers dnsmasq
<dnsmasq> dnsmasq-2.90-r3 x86_64 {dnsmasq} (GPL-2.0-or-later)
Package Info
apk opkg Description
apk info P opkg info P show summary information
apk info --all P no equivalent show extensive information
apk info --contents P opkg files P show files contained in the package
Bugland
- sysntpd holt sich nicht die Zeit / wenn alle Anschlüsse gebridged sind auf br-lan / kleiner Schubs wenns interface hochkommt
root@AP:/etc/hotplug.d/iface# cat 99-ifup-lan
#!/bin/sh
[ "$ACTION" = "ifup" -a "$INTERFACE" = "lan" ] && {
logger "iface lan hack up detected restarting sysntpd ..."
/etc/init.d/sysntpd restart
}
exit 0
USB Tethering
- Aus aktuellem Anlass - scratchpad was der Debian Kernel Linux version 6.1.0-32-amd64 macht:
lsmod | grep -i cdc cdc_mbim 20480 0 cdc_wdm 32768 1 cdc_mbim cdc_ncm 49152 1 cdc_mbim cdc_ether 24576 1 cdc_ncm usbnet 57344 3 cdc_mbim,cdc_ncm,cdc_ether usbcore 348160 9 xhci_hcd,usbnet,cdc_mbim,cdc_ncm,cdc_wdm,uvcvideo,btusb,xhci_pci,cdc_ether
kern.log May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver cdc_ether May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: cdc_ncm 2-3:1.0: MAC-Address: 76:27:ca:xx:xx:xx May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: cdc_ncm 2-3:1.0 eth0: register 'cdc_ncm' at usb-0000:00:14.0-3, CDC NCM (NO ZLP), 76:27:ca:3e:1c:4e May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver cdc_ncm May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver cdc_wdm May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver cdc_mbim May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: cdc_ncm 2-3:1.0 enx7627caxxxxxx: renamed from eth0 May 22 17:57:32 mrWhiteGhost kernel: IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): enx7627caxxxxxxx: link becomes ready
- Beim OpenWRT Build (24.10 / für https://openwrt.org/toh/hwdata/gl.inet/gl.inet_gl-b1300 )
-rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 9074 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb3_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk -rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 997 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb-core_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk -rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 17881 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb-dwc3_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk -rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 5953 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb-dwc3-qcom_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk -rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 14246 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb-net_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk -rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 4588 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb-net-cdc-ether_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk -rw-r--r-- 1 dev dev 11567 May 22 18:12 kmod-usb-net-cdc-ncm_6.6.89-r1_arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4.ipk
CONFIG_DEFAULT_kmod-usb-dwc3=y CONFIG_DEFAULT_kmod-usb-dwc3-qcom=y CONFIG_DEFAULT_kmod-usb3=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-core=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-dwc3=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-dwc3-qcom=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-net=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-net-cdc-ether=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-net-cdc-ncm=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb-xhci-hcd=y CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-usb3=y
- Mit Android 15 / Pixel 8 Pro funktioniert :)
Tethering über USB nachdem das Device gestartet wurde / usb0 Device erscheint :)
Debian 12 to Debian 13 Upgrade
- Es wird Zeit sich nach dem offiziellen Manual zu orientieren siehe debian.org/releases/trixie..
- Obsolete Packages löschen:
root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt list '?obsolete' Listing... Done root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt purge '?obsolete' Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: gcc-11-base libasan6 libaudio2 libgdk-pixbuf-xlib-2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgl1-mesa-glx libglib2.0-bin libpthread-stubs0-dev libsane libtsan0 libxau-dev libxcb-xinerama0-dev libxcb1-dev libxdmcp-dev ruby-minitest ruby-power-assert ruby-test-unit x11proto-dev xorg-sgml-doctools Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# apt autoremove
- Deprecation infos zu apt-key endlich ernst nehmen und die Repository keys entsprechend ablegen / siehe man pages zu apt-key mit recommendations zu Ordnern und signed-by ! quick & dirty :
wget -qO /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/oracle_vbox.asc https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc && apt-get update
- Upgrade Schritte - Austausch von bookworm mit trixie unter /etc/apt/sources.list / Achtung offiziell wird apt empfohlen - zB: https://fullmetalbrackets.com/blog/upgrade-debian-12-bookworm-debian-13-trixie/ orientiert sich an der offiziellen Vorgangsweise Achtung Während des Upgradevorgangs nicht in der GUI mit der Maus herumklicken !! - 2x wurde mir mein Terminal während des Upgrades „gekilled“ (dpkg –configure -a)
Hintergrund: Es wird eine Workstation upgegraded (Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4800MQ CPU @ 2.70GHz / altes Tuxedo Notebook mit XFCE und 16GB RAM / vollverschlüsselt mittels cryptsetup / Virtualbox / diversen Repos wie zB: von Signal / Microsoft apt-get update apt-get upgrade <- fragen zur Konfiguration/Upgrades apt-get dist-upgrade <- Fragen zur Konfiguration/Upgrades apt-get autoremove root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Debian Description: Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) Release: 13 Codename: trixie :) root@mrChief:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get update Hit:1 http://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security InRelease Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports InRelease Hit:3 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian trixie InRelease Hit:5 http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian trixie-updates InRelease Hit:6 https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial InRelease Hit:7 http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian bookworm InRelease Ign:4 https://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb stable InRelease Hit:9 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease Hit:8 https://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb stable Release Hit:11 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/ms-teams stable InRelease Reading package lists... Done W: https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/ms-teams/dists/stable/InRelease: Policy will reject signature within a year, see --audit for details
- Fehler Virtualbox - KVM Kernel Module werden beim booten geladen und stören virtualbox / danke: https://neilzone.co.uk/2025/11/stopping-a-kernel-module-from-loading-on-boot-in-debian-trixie-using-etcmodules-loadd/
echo "blacklist kvm_intel" > /etc/modprobe.d/stop_kvm_intel.conf
- Permission denied bei ping - /etc/sysctl.conf is gone .. siehe /usr/lib/sysctl.d# less /usr/lib/sysctl.d/
root@mrChief:/etc# apt-cache search linux-sysctl-defaults linux-sysctl-defaults - default sysctl configuration for Linux root@mrChief:/usr/lib/sysctl.d# apt-get install linux-sysctl-defaults
Debian 11 to Debian 12 Upgrade
- Erfahrungen bei Workstation (HP 430 G2 beinahe seamless / vollverschlüsselt mit cryptsetup)
- Alle Einträge von /etc/apt/sources.list → bullseye mit → bookworm ersetzen
- apt-get update → Repo Infos aktualisieren
- apt-get upgrade → Bereits vorhandene Pakete aktualisieren
- apt-get dist-upgrade → Ebenso neue Pakete installieren und Kernel aktualisieren
- Den Anweisungen folgen hinsichtlich der Änderungen der Konfigurationsdateien (zB: bei syslog-ng.conf usw) und reboot :)
- syslog-ng
-> backticks austauschen durch ""
root@host23:/mnt# syslog-ng
[2025-06-23T13:13:19.560526] WARNING: Configuration file format is too old, syslog-ng is running in compatibility mode. Please update it to use the syslog-ng 3.38 format at your time of convenience. To upgrade the configuration, please review the warnings about incompatible changes printed by syslog-ng, and once completed change the @version header at the top of the configuration file; config-version='3.27'
Error parsing within destination, syntax error, unexpected ')', expecting LL_IDENTIFIER or LL_NUMBER or LL_FLOAT or LL_STRING in /etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf:71:34-71:35:
71----> destination d_console_all { file(`tty10`); };
71---->
- No ztstd → # apt-get install zstd
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-37-amd64 W: No zstd in /usr/bin:/sbin:/bin, using gzip
- borg backups
Warning: "--numeric-owner" has been deprecated. Use --numeric-ids instead.
Debian 10 to Debian 11 Upgrade
- Achtung bei qemu-kvm Paket - wird deinstalliert / qemu-system-x86 für die Binaries installieren !!
apt-get install qemu-system-x86
- Pfad des ipset binaries ist anders ( ln -s /usr/sbin/ipset /sbin/ipset ) nicht mehr /sbin/ipset sondern /usr/sbin/ipset Grundsätzlicher Change on the horizont siehe https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/release-notes/ch-information.en.html
- Debian 10 wird zu oldstable → apt-get update –allow-releaseinfo-change
root@firewall:~# apt-get update Get:1 http://security.debian.org buster/updates InRelease [65.4 kB] Get:2 http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster InRelease [122 kB] Get:3 http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease [51.9 kB] Reading package lists... Done E: Repository 'http://security.debian.org buster/updates InRelease' changed its 'Suite' value from 'stable' to 'oldstable' N: This must be accepted explicitly before updates for this repository can be applied. See apt-secure(8) manpage for details. N: Repository 'http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster InRelease' changed its 'Version' value from '10.8' to '10.11' E: Repository 'http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster InRelease' changed its 'Suite' value from 'stable' to 'oldstable' N: This must be accepted explicitly before updates for this repository can be applied. See apt-secure(8) manpage for details. E: Repository 'http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease' changed its 'Suite' value from 'stable-updates' to 'oldstable-updates' N: This must be accepted explicitly before updates for this repository can be applied. See apt-secure(8) manpage for details. root@firewall:~# apt-get update --allow-releaseinfo-change
- Achtung Änderungen vom security Repo Syntax auf :
deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye main non-free contrib deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
- Achtung Einsatz von c-icap :
Sollte c-icap verwendet werden mit squidclamav (7.1) / libarchive13 installieren ! Seeehr schwierig c-icap vernünftig zu debuggen da es zu keiner Ausgabe kommt
- Achtung bei Squid mit Cache :
Bestimmte Verzeichnisse darf squid wegen appamor nicht lesen / siehe /etc/apparmor/ Squid und mit local ggf. anpassen UFSSwapDir::openLog: Failed to open swap
- Achtung beim Einsatz von bonding :
- scheint schon gefixed zu sein / Tag des Upgrades 2022-02-16 / diese Config funktioniert unverändert von buster auf bullseye
auto bond0
#prepare bond interfaces
iface eth0 inet manual
iface eth1 inet manual
iface bond0 inet manual
slaves eth0 eth1
bond_mode 802.3ad
- Achtung Icinga Installation → läuft nach Upgrade unverändert obwohl nicht mehr in den Repos vorhanden / php5 muss manuell deinstalliert werden php7.4 ist aktuell für Distribution / Migration zu nagios4 beinahe analog zu Ubuntu Upgrades
- Achtung Kerberos Tickets mit msktutil - legacy - !! ( Danke: https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000020793)
- Nach Upgrade Fehler bei sssd Server: terminalserver.schule.intern zB:
terminalserver ldap_child[6216]: Failed to initialize credentials using keytab [MEMORY:/etc/krb5.keytab]: Client 'host/terminalserver.schule.intern@SCHULE.INTERN' not found in Kerbe> Jul 01 12:01:51 terminalserver ldap_child[6217]: Failed to initialize credentials using keytab [MEMORY:/etc/k
- Format muss sich geändert haben sssd stoppen und Rechner entfernen mit
adcli delete-computer -D SCHULE.INTERN terminalserver.schule.intern
- Neu joinen mit:
adcli join -D SCHULE.INTERN
- Achtung libapache2-mod-auth-kerb unsupported → libapache2-mod-auth-gssapi
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName test.example.org
...
<Location />
AuthType GSSAPI
AuthName "Kerberos Authentication"
GssapiBasicAuth On
GssapiLocalName On
GssapiCredStore keytab:/etc/krb5.keytab
require valid-user
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
Debian 8 to Debian 9 Upgrade
Nagios3 - Icinga
- pnp4nagios Error ERROR STDOUT: ERROR: invalid option 'lower=0'
--- /usr/share/pnp4nagios/html/templates.dist/default.php.old 2018-04-03 14:32:42.698461380 +0200
+++ /usr/share/pnp4nagios/html/templates.dist/default.php 2018-04-03 14:33:40.851404388 +0200
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
$crit_min = $VAL['CRIT_MIN'];
}
if ( $VAL['MIN'] != "" && is_numeric($VAL['MIN']) ) {
- $lower = " --lower=" . $VAL['MIN'];
+ $lower = " --lower-limit=" . $VAL['MIN'];
$minimum = $VAL['MIN'];
}
if ( $VAL['MAX'] != "" && is_numeric($VAL['MAX']) ) {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
if ($VAL['UNIT'] == "%%") {
$vlabel = "%";
$upper = " --upper=101 ";
- $lower = " --lower=0 ";
+ $lower = " --lower-limit=0 ";
}
else {
$vlabel = $VAL['UNIT'];
Ubuntu 14.04 to Ubuntu 16.04 Upgrade
OpenVPN Bug systemd ?
- Sollte OpenVPN über service openvpn start nicht starten oder über pgrep die OpenVPN Prozesse nicht sichtbar sein / Fehler im syslog dass er openvpn service nicht starten kann
https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=819919 einfach aus der Datei /lib/systemd/system/openvpn@.service den Eintrag LimitNPROC=1 auskommentieren und systemd neu laden ggf. neustart zum check ob openvpn hoch kommt
Nagios3 - Icinga
- pnp4nagios wurde entfernt
- Achtung php5 wurde entfernt - libapache2-mod-php - installiert php7.0 - überprüfen ob nach Upgrade PHP aktiv
- nagios3 wurde entfernt
- Alternative ohne große Syntax Änderungen „icinga“ nicht „icinga2“
apt-get install icinga
- Bestehende Konfigurationen aus /etc/nagios3/conf.d nach /etc/icinga/objects
- pnp4nagios manuell installieren & kompilieren
wget "https://sourceforge.net/projects/pnp4nagios/files/PNP-0.6/pnp4nagios-0.6.26.tar.gz/download" mv download pnp4nagios-0.6.26.tar.gz gunzip pnp4nagios-0.6.26.tar.gz mkdir pnp4nagios-manual-install tar -xvf pnp4nagios-0.6.26.tar -C pnp4nagios-manual-install/ ./configure --with-nagios-user=nagios --with-nagios-group=nagios --with-httpd-conf=/etc/apache2/conf-enabled make all make install make install-webconf make install-config make install-init update-rc.d npcd defaults service npcd start service npcd status vim /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/pnp4nagios.conf -> auf **/etc/icinga/htpasswd.users** Pfad anpassen apt-get install php-xml php-gd rrdtool Anpassen von /usr/local/pnp4nagios/etc/config_local.php Anpassen von /etc/icinga/icinga.cfg - performance data Anpassen der Templates unter /etc/icinga/objects/ - die action URLS damit zu php4nagios ein Link gebaut wird Testen von pnp4nagios unter zB: http://localhost/pnp4nagios -> dann kann die install Datei gelöscht werden wenn alles grün Neustart von icinga / Apache2
- Grundsätzlich:
7 - Modify config_local.php for Naemon
vi /usr/local/pnp4nagios/etc/config_local.php
edit row: $conf[‘nagios_base’] = “/nagios/cgi-bin”;
replace with: $conf[‘nagios_base’] = “/icinga/cgi-bin”;
8 - Enable Naemon performance data
vi /etc/icinga/icinga.cfg
edit row: process_performance_data=0”
replace with: process_performance_data=1”
Add the following entries at the bottom of /etc/icinga/icinga.cfg to
setup performance data settings
#
# service performance data
#
service_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/service-perfdata
service_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::SERVICEPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tSERVICEDESC::$SERVICEDESC$\tSERVICEPERFDATA::$SERVICEPERFDATA$\tSERVICECHECKCOMMAND::$SERVICECHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$\tSERVICESTATE::$SERVICESTATE$\tSERVICESTATETYPE::$SERVICESTATETYPE$
service_perfdata_file_mode=a
service_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
service_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-service-perfdata-file
#
#
#
host_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/host-perfdata
host_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::HOSTPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tHOSTPERFDATA::$HOSTPERFDATA$\tHOSTCHECKCOMMAND::$HOSTCHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$
host_perfdata_file_mode=a
host_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
host_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-host-perfdata-file
9 - Add process performance commands
vi /etc/naemon/conf.d/commands.cfg
Add the following entries at the bottom of /etc/naemon/conf.d/commands.cfg
define command{
command_name process-service-perfdata-file
command_line /bin/mv
/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/service-perfdata
/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/spool/service-perfdata.$TIMET$
}
define command{
command_name process-host-perfdata-file
command_line /bin/mv /usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/host-perfdata
/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/spool/host-perfdata.$TIMET$
}
10 - Add host performance template
vi /etc/naemon/conf.d/templates/hosts.cfg
Add the following entries at the bottom of
/etc/naemon/conf.d/templates/hosts.cfg
define host {
name host-pnp
process_perf_data 1
action_url /pnp4nagios/index.php/graph?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=_HOST_'
class='tips' rel='/pnp4nagios/index.php/popup?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=_HOST_
register 0
}
11 - Add service performance template
vi /etc/naemon/conf.d/templates/services.cfg
Add the following entries at the bottom of
/etc/naemon/conf.d/templates/services.cfg
define service {
name service-pnp
process_perf_data 1
action_url
/pnp4nagios/index.php/graph?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$'
class='tips'
rel='/pnp4nagios/index.php/popup?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
register 0
}
Ubuntu 32Bit to 64bit Kernel - CrossGrading
Produktivsystem 32bit verbleibt - Kernel 64bit
- Getestet auf 32Bit Kernel Ubuntu 18.04.1
- Hintergrund: Aus historischen Gründen läuft ein 32Bit Kernel / Produziert mittlerweile jedoch undefinierbare Kernel Panics (auf manchen Hyper-V 2012r2 Systemen) / Wir möchten , dass zumindest ein 64Bit Kernel läuft obwohl der Rest 32Bit bleibt (Binaries / Libraries usw..)
- Vollständiges CrossGrading von 32Bit auf 64Bit NICHT empfehlenswert / Getestet diverse Male in Virtualisierung führt zu nicht definierbarem Systemzustand
dpkg --add-architecture amd64 apt-get update apt-get install apt-get install linux-image-generic:amd64 apt-get install linux-image-generic:amd64 reboot
Bootstrapping neues System
- Komplett neues System bootstrappen / Pakete die auf alten System installiert sind installieren und /etc mit Konfigurationen übernehmen
- Neues System wird mit grml live iso gebootet / Partionierung usw. vorbereitet
1. debootstrap neues System 64bit
debootstrap --variant=minbase --arch=amd64 bionic /mnt/ http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
2. Alle Paketnamen exportieren auf 32Bit Produktivsystem
dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall | cut -d":" -f1 | awk '{print $1}' > all_packagaes
3. Pakete mit Fehlern aus der Liste löschen / und Pakete reindrücken
Falls bei Produktivsystem keine Recommends
root@firewall:/etc/apt/apt.conf.d# cat 30NoRecommends
APT::Install-Recommends "0";
APT::Install-Suggests "0";
ins 64Bit System chroot übernehmen
packages=$(cat /root/all_packages.txt | paste -sd" "); apt-get install $packages
4. /etc/ und ggf. Skripte übertragen / Module ggf. neu bauen (squidlcamav)
wichtig aus dem chroot heraus und ohne numeric-ids / passwd und groups File der Neuinstallation muss bleiben
zB: rsync -av --delete -e "ssh -p10022" --exclude "/passwd*" --exclude "/group*" --compress root@10.0.27.36:/etc/ /mnt/etc/
Ubuntu 16.04 to Ubuntu 18.04 Upgrade
- Issues mit Icinga
- Achtung nrpe Client hat die DH Größe geändert daher kommt es zu SSL Fehlern ggf. mit -2 legacy aktivieren oder nrpe Client vor Upgrade backuppen
- Probleme mit pnp4nagios nach Upgrade
sed -i 's:if(sizeof(\$pages:if(is_array(\$pages) \&\& sizeof(\$pages:' /usr/local/pnp4nagios/share/application/models/data.php
Ubuntu 14.04 to Ubuntu 18.04 Upgrade
Bring back ntp daemon / will kein systemd NTP
- Offenbar ab 16.04 - ein „FEATURE“
systemctl disable systemd-timesyncd.service systemctl enable ntp.service service ntp start ntpq -> peers
Major Upgrades
- Mit dem do-release-upgrade tool von Ubuntu !!
- Manuelles Upgrade wie bei Debian mit ändern der sources hatte Chaos im ubuntu System verursacht
ipsec eap-radius backend geht nimma
- Achtung apt-get install libcharon-extra-plugins muss installiert sein
- Status vom alten Paket nämlich: strongswan-plugin-eap-radius deinstall
Systemd Resolver deaktivieren
- dnsmasq läuft auf meinem System
https://askubuntu.com/questions/907246/how-to-disable-systemd-resolved-in-ubuntu Caution! Be aware that disabling systemd-resolvd might break name resolution in VPN for some users. See this bug on launchpad (Thanks, Vincent). Disable the systemd-resolved service and stop it: sudo systemctl disable systemd-resolved.service sudo service systemd-resolved stop Put the following line in the [main] section of your /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf: dns=default Delete the symlink /etc/resolv.conf rm /etc/resolv.conf Restart network-manager sudo service network-manager restart
syslog-ng
- Zeile 58 entfernen mit „Some 'catch-all' logfiles. - vim /etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf +58
php
- PHP5 ist obsolete
- apt-get install libapache2-mod-php → installiert PHP7.2
netstat is gone
- apt-get install net-tools
Netzwerkinterfaces
- ggf. hat sich die Netzwerkinterface Bezeichnung geändert (https://askubuntu.com/questions/704361/why-is-my-network-interface-named-enp0s25-instead-of-eth0)
- /etc/default/grub
... GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="net.ifnames=0" ...
rc.local gone
root@arbitrator:~# systemctl status rc-local
● rc-local.service - /etc/rc.local Compatibility
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service;
enabled-runtime; vendor preset: enabled)
Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service.d
└─debian.conf
Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Mon 2018-06-11 16:53:47
CEST; 1min 53s ago
Docs: man:systemd-rc-local-generator(8)
Process: 1182 ExecStart=/etc/rc.local start (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
Jun 11 16:53:46 arbitrator systemd[1]: Starting /etc/rc.local
Compatibility...
Jun 11 16:53:47 arbitrator systemd[1182]: rc-local.service: Failed to
execute command: Exec format error
Jun 11 16:53:47 arbitrator systemd[1182]: rc-local.service: Failed at
step EXEC spawning /etc/rc.local: Exec format error
Jun 11 16:53:47 arbitrator systemd[1]: rc-local.service: Control process
exited, code=exited status=203
Jun 11 16:53:47 arbitrator systemd[1]: rc-local.service: Failed with
result 'exit-code'.
Jun 11 16:53:47 arbitrator systemd[1]: Failed to start /etc/rc.local
Compatibility.
- /etc/rc.local still works in Ubuntu 18.04, when
1) it exists
2) is executable
3) Starts with a valid shell e.g. #!/bin/bash
Ubuntu 18.04 to Ubuntu 20.04 Upgrade
nagios4
- Für Nagios4 sind die Pakete in Ubuntu 20.04 enthalten (nagios4)
- Achtung Konfigurationen von Icinga können zum Großteil übernommen werden / beim Upgradeprozess darauf achten , dass nicht alle Konfigurationsdateien von Icinga gelöscht werden , da dieses Paket nicht mehr enthalten ist
- Scratchpad der Punkte die mir aufgefallen sind beim dist-upgrade und Umstieg auf nagios4:
Upgrade Ubuntu 18.04 -> 20.04 mit Icinga Installation
do-release-upgrade
Instruktionen folgen im Grunde "y" auf alle Fragen..
....
or available database at line 7: libgdbm5:amd64
dpkg: warning: package not in status nor available database at line 8: libhogweed4:amd64
dpkg: warning: package not in status nor available database at line 9: libisc-export169:amd64
dpkg: warning: package not in status nor available database at line 10: libisccc160:amd64
dpkg: warning: package not in status nor available database at line 15: python-asn1crypto:all
dpkg: warning: found unknown packages; this might mean the available database
is outdated, and needs to be updated through a frontend method;
please see the FAQ <https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg/FAQ>
(Reading database .(Reading database ... 83943 files and directories currently installed.)
Purging configuration files for php7.2-opcache (7.2.24-0ubuntu0.18.04.10) ...
Purging configuration files for php7.2-json (7.2.24-0ubuntu0.18.04.10) ...
Purging configuration files for php5-json (1.3.2-2build1) ...
dpkg: warning: while removing php5-json, directory '/etc/php5/mods-available' not empty so not removed
Purging configuration files for php7.2-readline (7.2.24-0ubuntu0.18.04.10) ...
System upgrade is complete.
Restart required
To complete the upgrade, a system restart is required.
If you select 'y' the system will be restarted.
Continue [yN] y
...
-> über openvpn VPN Verbindung - hat geklappt - reboot :)
-> Remote VPN kommt wieder zurück - hat geklappt - ssh wieder da :)
-----
Icinga wurd entfernt - dafür gibt es wieder Nagios
root@monitoring:/etc/icinga# apt-cache search nagios4
nagios4 - host/service/network monitoring and management system
nagios4-cgi - cgi files for nagios4
nagios4-common - support files for nagios4
nagios4-core - host/service/network monitoring and management system core files
nagios4-dbg - debugging symbols and debug stuff for nagios4
-----
root@monitoring:/etc/icinga# apt-get install nagios4
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libjs-jquery-ui python-attr python-automat python-constantly
python-hyperlink python-idna python-pyasn1 python-pyasn1-modules
python-service-identity
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
nagios4-cgi nagios4-common nagios4-core
Recommended packages:
nagios-images
The following NEW packages will be installed:
nagios4 nagios4-cgi nagios4-common nagios4-core
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,595 kB of archives.
After this operation, 8,857 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 nagios4-common all 4.3.4-3 [55.9 kB]
Get:2 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 nagios4-cgi amd64 4.3.4-3 [1,290 kB]
Get:3 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 nagios4-core amd64 4.3.4-3 [246 kB]
Get:4 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 nagios4 amd64 4.3.4-3 [3,404 B]
Fetched 1,595 kB in 1s (1,391 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package nagios4-common.
(Reading database ... 83943 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../nagios4-common_4.3.4-3_all.deb ...
Unpacking nagios4-common (4.3.4-3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nagios4-cgi.
Preparing to unpack .../nagios4-cgi_4.3.4-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nagios4-cgi (4.3.4-3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nagios4-core.
Preparing to unpack .../nagios4-core_4.3.4-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nagios4-core (4.3.4-3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nagios4.
Preparing to unpack .../nagios4_4.3.4-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nagios4 (4.3.4-3) ...
Setting up nagios4-common (4.3.4-3) ...
Setting up nagios4-core (4.3.4-3) ...
Setting up nagios4-cgi (4.3.4-3) ...
Creating config file /etc/nagios4/apache2.conf with new version
enabling Apache2 config...
apache2_invoke cgi: already enabled
apache2_invoke: Enable configuration nagios4-cgi
apache2_reload: Your configuration is broken. Not reloading Apache 2
apache2_reload: AH00526: Syntax error on line 37 of /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/nagios4-cgi.conf:
apache2_reload: Invalid command 'AuthDigestDomain', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration
Setting up nagios4 (4.3.4-3) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.15) ...
-----
Ok digest Modul für apache2 ist offenbar nicht aktiviert
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# ls -al aut^C
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# a2enmod auth_digest
Considering dependency authn_core for auth_digest:
Module authn_core already enabled
Enabling module auth_digest.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
systemctl restart apache2
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# systemctl restart apache2
Job for apache2.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status apache2.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
---
Ok nächstes Modul für Auth fehlt
Jan 13 10:20:44 monitoring systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Jan 13 10:20:44 monitoring apachectl[3131]: AH00526: Syntax error on line 40 of /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/nagios4-cgi.conf:
Jan 13 10:20:44 monitoring apachectl[3131]: Invalid command 'AuthGroupFile', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configura>
Jan 13 10:20:45 monitoring apachectl[3120]: Action 'start' failed.
Jan 13 10:20:45 monitoring apachectl[3120]: The Apache error log may have more information.
Jan 13 10:20:45 monitoring systemd[1]: apache2.service: Control process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Jan 13 10:20:45 monitoring systemd[1]: apache2.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Jan 13 10:20:45 monitoring systemd[1]: Failed to start The Apache HTTP Server.
------
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# ls -al /etc/apache2/mods-available/a^C
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# a2enmod authz_groupfile.load
Considering dependency authz_core for authz_groupfile:
Module authz_core already enabled
Enabling module authz_groupfile.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
systemctl restart apache2
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# systemctl restart apache2
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/mods-available# systemctl status apache2
● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-01-13 10:22:02 CET; 4s ago
Docs: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/
Process: 3170 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/apachectl start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 3182 (apache2)
Tasks: 6 (limit: 1100)
Memory: 11.4M
CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
├─3182 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─3183 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─3184 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─3185 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─3186 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
└─3187 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
Jan 13 10:22:02 monitoring systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Jan 13 10:22:02 monitoring systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
----
Ok user gibts auch keinen zum Zugriff per HTTP - Realm laut Config file Nagios4 - siehe /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/nagios4-cgi.conf / Achtung per Default
wird ausschließlich per IP Acl (granted) authentifiziert - muss manuell aktiviert werden siehe Kommentare in der Konfigurationsdatei
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/conf-enabled# htdigest /etc/nagios4/htdigest.users Nagios4 admin
Adding user admin in realm Nagios4
New password:
Re-type new password:
---
Versuch die Objekte der Icinga Installation in die Nagios4 Installatio zu verschieben:
vorher die Default Objekte wegschieben
root@monitoring:/etc/nagios4/objects# cp -r /etc/icinga/objects/ ./
----
root@monitoring:/etc/nagios4/objects# service nagios4 restart
Job for nagios4.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status nagios4.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
----
Ok hardcoded sind die Basispfade für die Konfiguration
/etc/nagios4/nagios.cfg
....
# Debian uses by default a configuration directory where nagios4-common,
# other packages and the local admin can dump or link configuration
# files into.
cfg_dir=/etc/nagios4/conf.d
cfg_dir=/etc/nagios4/objects
# OBJECT CONFIGURATION FILE(S)
# These are the object configuration files in which you define hosts,
# host groups, contacts, contact groups, services, etc.
# You can split your object definitions across several config files
# if you wish (as shown below), or keep them all in a single config file.
#2022-01-13 cc: No default hierarchy
# You can specify individual object config files as shown below:
#cfg_file=/etc/nagios4/objects/commands.cfg
#cfg_file=/etc/nagios4/objects/contacts.cfg
#cfg_file=/etc/nagios4/objects/timeperiods.cfg
#cfg_file=/etc/nagios4/objects/templates.cfg
# Definitions for monitoring the local (Linux) host
#cfg_file=/etc/nagios4/objects/localhost.cfg
# Definitions for monitoring a Windows machine
#cfg_file=/etc/nagios4/objects/windows.cfg
...
YES - Config ist grundsätzlich kompatibel
----
Auf zu pnp4nagios
Auth ebenfalls auf digest umstellen analog zu nagios4-cgi.conf
root@monitoring:/etc/apache2/conf-enabled# vim pnp4nagios.conf
-------
Deprecated functions / PHP Kompatiblitätsprobleme
Danke an https://exchange.nagios.org/directory/Addons/Graphing-and-Trending/PNP4Nagios/details
----
performance data passt noch nicht
/etc/nagios4/nagios.conf
process_performance_data = 1
in meiner Installation:
service_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/service-perfdata
service_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::SERVICEPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tSERVICEDESC::$SERVICEDESC$\tSERVICEPERFDATA::$SERVICEPERFDATA$\tSERVICECHECKCOMMAND::$SERVICECHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$\tSERVICESTATE::$SERVICESTATE$\tSERVICESTATETYPE::$SERVICESTATETYPE$
service_perfdata_file_mode=a
service_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
service_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-service-perfdata-file
host_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/host-perfdata
host_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::HOSTPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tHOSTPERFDATA::$HOSTPERFDATA$\tHOSTCHECKCOMMAND::$HOSTCHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$
host_perfdata_file_mode=a
host_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
host_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-host-perfdata-file
- Achtung bei Windows nsclient++ 2048 Bit DH keyfile erstellen und Konfiguration anpassen (-2 für legacy Protokoll bei Nagios Installation und Konfigurationsanpassungen bei nsclient++ für 2048 bit dh keyfile)
lvm
- Warning dass alter Header benutzt wird während des Upgrades mit do-release-upgrade
vgs vgck --updatemetadata volumeGroupName
clamav
- Einige Options existieren nicht mehr, die entfernt werden müssen
Error Clamd: Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall systemd[1]: Starting Clam AntiVirus userspace daemon... Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall systemd[1]: Started Clam AntiVirus userspace daemon. Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall clamd[764]: WARNING: Ignoring deprecated option DetectBrokenExecutables at /etc/clamav/clamd.conf:40 Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall clamd[764]: WARNING: Ignoring deprecated option ScanOnAccess at /etc/clamav/clamd.conf:60 Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall clamd[764]: ERROR: Parse error at /etc/clamav/clamd.conf:71: Unknown option StatsEnabled Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall clamd[764]: ERROR: Can't open/parse the config file /etc/clamav/clamd.conf Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall systemd[1]: clamav-daemon.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE Apr 03 09:02:49 firewall systemd[1]: clamav-daemon.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'. -> Remove StatsXXX Options -> Remove Deprecated Options: Apr 03 09:35:28 firewall systemd[1]: Started Clam AntiVirus userspace daemon. Apr 03 09:35:28 firewall clamd[50896]: WARNING: Ignoring deprecated option DetectBrokenExecutables at /etc/clamav/clamd.conf:40 Apr 03 09:35:28 firewall clamd[50896]: WARNING: Ignoring deprecated option ScanOnAccess at /etc/clamav/clamd.conf:60
Ubuntu 20.04 to Ubuntu 22.04 Upgrade
- PHP als Modul mit Apache2 / Achtung php8.1 manuell aktivieren u. die alten symlinks löschen unter /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ → a2enmod php8.1 - der Upgrader aktiviert php8.1 nicht automatisch
Achtung PHP Remove (was auto installed) libmailutils6 php7.4-cli php7.4-common php7.4-json php7.4-mbstring php7.4-opcache php7.4-readline php7.4-xml python3-twisted-bin
- SSH Server deprecation - läuft auch nach Upgrade noch Deprecated options löschen bei Zeiten
/etc/ssh/sshd_config line 16: Deprecated option UsePrivilegeSeparation /etc/ssh/sshd_config line 19: Deprecated option KeyRegenerationInterval /etc/ssh/sshd_config line 20: Deprecated option ServerKeyBits /etc/ssh/sshd_config line 31: Deprecated option RSAAuthentication /etc/ssh/sshd_config line 38: Deprecated option RhostsRSAAuthentication
- Nagios4 wird disabled nach reboot / wieder enablen / pnp4nagios läuft nicht mehr auf php8 no workarounds
○ nagios4.service - nagios4
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nagios4.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:nagios4
- LVM Warning hinsichtlich Format der Volume Group → Update (Danke: https://askubuntu.com/questions/1299499/warning-pv-dev-sda3-in-vg-ubuntu-vg-is-using-an-old-pv-header-modify-the-vg-t )
sudo vgck --updatemetadata ubuntu-vg This will issue the same warning; to prove that it fixed the issue, simply run sudo vgck --updatemetadata ubuntu-vg once more, and the warning should not appear.
- Achtung bei Warning dass etwas „leaked“ beim grub2 → erneut installieren mit grub-install
- openvpn
wenn kein Client Zertifikat benötigt wird - neue Syntax: verify-client-cert none
- PHP 8.1 im Vergleich zu PHP 7:
expects 3 parameters now , not 2 :
openlog("auth_attempt",LOG_PID,LOG_USER);
- SQUID Achtung wenn IPv6 komplett deaktiviert ist (net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1)
- Dieser Bug tritt offenbar auf - [squid-users] Squid 5.6 and 5.9 keep crashing due to signal 6 with status 0 (https://lists.squid-cache.org/pipermail/squid-users/2023-September/026105.html) / Laut Canonical (https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/squid/+bug/2081994) bereits gefixed - wenn jedoch manuell getestet wird und eine ULA Adresse per wget vom SQUID angefordert wird sterben die helper / Workaround, der zu funktionieren scheint:
/etc/squid/squid.conf: .. #2025-05-12 cc: take the ipv6 hammer and hit the ground acl blacklist_website_ipv6 dstdom_regex -i ^\[[0-9A-Fa-f:]+\]$ http_access deny blacklist_website_ipv6 ..
- Zusätzlich noch squid restarten falls der fuckup wieder eintritt (Achtung sollte squid mit exit code 0 beendet werden greift es nicht) :
systemctl edit squid ### Editing /etc/systemd/system/squid.service.d/override.conf ### Anything between here and the comment below will become the new contents of> [Service] Restart=on-failure RestartSec=10s ### Lines below this comment will be discarded
- Zusätzlich noch im dnsmasq reingreifen / es gibt keine AAAA Antworten mehr
/etc/dnsmasq.conf .. #2025-05-12 cc: filter IPv6 AAAA responses - we have no IPv6 filter-AAAA ..
NetworkManager
- Getestet auf Debian 12 Bookworm
- Ich möchte alle dns queries loggen - mit dnsmasq (man NetworkManager.conf)
- /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf
[main] ... dns=dnsmasq ...
- Nach einem restart vom NetworkManger startet er eine eigene dnsmasq Instanz als nobody e.g.
/usr/sbin/dnsmasq --no-resolv --keep-in-foreground --no-hosts --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/run/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.pid --listen-address=127.0.0.1 --cache-size=400 --clear-on-reload --conf-file=/dev/null --proxy-dnssec --enable-dbus=org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.dnsmasq --conf-dir=/etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d
- Fürs logging erstellen wir /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/queries.conf
log-queries=extra log-async
- Auf meiner Maschine erhalte ich nun alle queries unter zB: tail -f /var/log/syslog | grep dnsmasq
Feb 26 11:41:43 mrWhiteGhost dnsmasq[7898]: 1788 127.0.0.1/40860 query[A] doku.pannoniait.at from 127.0.0.1 Feb 26 11:41:43 mrWhiteGhost dnsmasq[7898]: 1788 127.0.0.1/40860 cached doku.pannoniait.at is 188.40.28.234 Feb 26 11:42:10 mrWhiteGhost dnsmasq[7898]: 1789 127.0.0.1/53721 query[A] safebrowsing.googleapis.com from 127.0.0.1 Feb 26 11:42:10 mrWhiteGhost dnsmasq[7898]: 1789 127.0.0.1/53721 forwarded safebrowsing.googleapis.com to 192.168.179.2 Feb 26 11:42:10 mrWhiteGhost dnsmasq[7898]: 1789 127.0.0.1/53721 reply safebrowsing.googleapis.com is 142.250.184.202
openssh
- Notification mail nach Login via SSH
root@firewall:~# cat /etc/ssh/sshrc ip=$(echo $SSH_CONNECTION | cut -d " " -f 1) date=$(date) echo "User $USER just logged in at $date from $ip" | mail -s "SSH Login Firewall" MAIL_ADRESSE_RECIPIENT
- Ausführen von bestimmten Skript nach Login über SSH
... Match User username123 ForceCommand /usr/local/bin/script.sh ...
XRDP Remote Desktop Server mit Kerberos im AD - terminalserver
- Wir wollen in einer Active Directory Umgebung einen Open Source Remote Desktop Server bei dem sich alle Mitglieder der Domäne mit ihren gewohnten Zugangsdaten einloggen können
- Es soll den Usern die Möglichkeit geboten werden mit ihren Windows Maschinen per nativem Remote Desktop Client (mstsc.exe) auf eine Linux XFCE Umgebung zuzugreifen um den Einstieg in die Open Source Welt zu erleichtern bzw. leicht zu ermöglichen
- Den eingeloggten Usern sollen automatisch die richtigen Proxy Einstellungen für die Infrastruktur zugewiesen werden & es soll ihnen nicht möglich sein den Server herunterzufahren / neu zu starten oder zu suspendieren
Domäne: firma.intern
Zielserver: terminalserver.firma.intern / Debian stretch + xfce4 Oberfläche + xrdp
Anforderungen Zielserver
- Achtung
- Bei der Debian Installation wurde die grafische Oberfläche gleich über den Installer ausgewählt - xfce
- Erforderliche Pakete
apt-get install krb5-user krb5-config msktutil xrdp sssd-ad sssd-ad-common sssd-common sssd-krb5 sssd-krb5-common
- Anforderungen innerhalb Infrastruktur
- Forward und Reverse Lookup wurden konfiguriert auf AD Server bzw. DNS Server zB: terminalserver.firma.intern → 192.168.0.11 u. 192.168.0.11 → terminalserver.firma.intern
- Forward und Reverse Lookup funktionieren auch auf Zielserver entsprechend d.h. richtige DNS Server wurden eingetragen /etc/resolv.conf
- Zeit wird synchronisiert mit zB: AD Server - Zeit darf nicht um mehr als 5 Minuten vom AD Server abweichen , mit openntpd oder ntp
Zielserver dem AD hinzufügen mit msktutil
- Kerberos Konfiguration
root@terminalserver:/# cat /etc/krb5.conf
[libdefaults]
default_realm = FIRMA.INTERN
# The following krb5.conf variables are only for MIT Kerberos.
kdc_timesync = 1
ccache_type = 4
forwardable = true
proxiable = true
# The following encryption type specification will be used by MIT Kerberos
# if uncommented. In general, the defaults in the MIT Kerberos code are
# correct and overriding these specifications only serves to disable new
# encryption types as they are added, creating interoperability problems.
#
# The only time when you might need to uncomment these lines and change
# the enctypes is if you have local software that will break on ticket
# caches containing ticket encryption types it doesn't know about (such as
# old versions of Sun Java).
# default_tgs_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1
# default_tkt_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1
# permitted_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1
# The following libdefaults parameters are only for Heimdal Kerberos.
fcc-mit-ticketflags = true
[realms]
FIRMA.INTERN = {
kdc = dc.firma.intern
admin_server = dc.firma.intern
default_domain = firma.intern
}
[domain_realm]
.firma.intern = FIRMA.INTERN
firma.intern = FIRMA.INTERN
- Kerberos Ticket holen
root@terminalserver:/# kinit Administrator Password for Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN: root@terminalserver:/# klist Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_0 Default principal: Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN Valid starting Expires Service principal 06/18/2019 09:46:16 06/18/2019 19:46:16 krbtgt/FIRMA.INTERN@FIRMA.INTERN renew until 06/19/2019 09:46:11
- Kerberos Keytab für Terminalserver erstellen
root@terminalserver:/# msktutil -c -b "CN=COMPUTERS" -s AUTH/terminalserver.firma.intern -h terminalserver.firma.intern -k /etc/krb5.keytab --computer-name terminal --upn AUTH/terminalserver.firma.intern --server dc.firma.intern --verbose
- Keytab Location für SSSD
root@terminalserver:/# ls -al /etc/krb5.keytab -rw------- 1 root root 2156 Jun 12 11:50 /etc/krb5.keytab
- Account Secret automatisch aktualisieren
root@terminalserver:/etc/sssd# cat /etc/cron.d/msktutil 00 00 * * * root /usr/sbin/msktutil --auto-update -k /etc/krb5.keytab --computer-name terminal | logger -t "msktutil"
User Mapping konfigurieren mit SSSD-AD
- Folgende SSSD Pakete sind installiert:
- herausfinden ob alle benötigt werden
root@terminalserver:/etc/sssd# dpkg --get-selections | grep -i sssd sssd install sssd-ad install sssd-ad-common install sssd-common install sssd-dbus install sssd-ipa install sssd-krb5 install sssd-krb5-common install sssd-ldap install sssd-proxy install sssd-tools install
- Nach der Installation kann er den Daemon nicht starten da er nicht konfiguriert wurde/ist
root@terminalserver:/etc/sssd# cat sssd.conf # Configuration for the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) [sssd] # Syntax of the config file; always 2 config_file_version = 2 # Services that are started when sssd starts services = nss, pam # List of domains in the order they will be queried domains = firma.intern # Configuration for the AD domain [domain/firma.intern] # Use the Active Directory Provider id_provider = ad # Use Active Directory for access control access_provider = ad # Turn off sudo support in sssd - we're doing it directly in /etc/sudoers.d/ # and leaving this enabled results in spurious emails being sent to root sudo_provider = none # UNIX and Windows use different mechanisms to identify groups and users. # UNIX uses integers for both; the challenge is to generate these consistently # across all machines from the objectSID. # # Active Directory provides an objectSID for every user and group object in # the directory. This objectSID can be broken up into components that represent # the Active Directory domain identity and the relative identifier (RID) of the # user or group object. # # The SSSD ID-mapping algorithm takes a range of available UIDs and divides it into # equally-sized component sections - called "slices"-. Each slice represents # the space available to an Active Directory domain. # # The default configuration results in configuring 10,000 slices, each capable # of holding up to 200,000 IDs, starting from 10,001 and going up to # 2,000,100,000. This should be sufficient for most deployments. ldap_id_mapping = true # Define some defaults for accounts that are not already on this box. # We appear to need these settings as well as the PAM configuration. fallback_homedir = /home/%u default_shell = /bin/bash skel_dir = /etc/skel ad_gpo_map_interactive = +xrdp-sesman
- Check ob Daemon läuft:
root@terminalserver:/etc/sssd# systemctl restart sssd
root@terminalserver:/etc/sssd# systemctl status sssd
● sssd.service - System Security Services Daemon
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/sssd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-06-18 09:51:05 CEST; 11s ago
Main PID: 4022 (sssd)
Tasks: 4 (limit: 9830)
CGroup: /system.slice/sssd.service
├─4022 /usr/sbin/sssd -i -f
├─4023 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/sssd/sssd_be --domain firma.intern --uid 0 --gid 0 --debug-to-files
├─4024 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/sssd/sssd_nss --uid 0 --gid 0 --debug-to-files
└─4025 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/sssd/sssd_pam --uid 0 --gid 0 --debug-to-files
Jun 18 09:51:05 terminalserver systemd[1]: Starting System Security Services Daemon...
Jun 18 09:51:05 terminalserver sssd[4022]: Starting up
Jun 18 09:51:05 terminalserver sssd[be[4023]: Starting up
Jun 18 09:51:05 terminalserver sssd[4024]: Starting up
Jun 18 09:51:05 terminalserver sssd[4025]: Starting up
Jun 18 09:51:05 terminalserver systemd[1]: Started System Security Services Daemon
- Automatisch Home Verzeichnisse erstellen lassen beim 1. Login
root@terminalserver:/# cat /usr/share/pam-configs/active-directory-homes
Name: Guestline AD user home management
Default: yes
Priority: 127
Session-Type: Additional
Session-Interactive-Only: yes
Session:
required pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/ umask=0077
root@terminalserver:/# /usr/sbin/pam-auth-update --package
Remote Desktop Server mit xrdp
- Konfiguration für RDP Server
root@terminalserver:/# grep -v ^[\;] /etc/xrdp/xrdp.ini [Globals] ini_version=1 fork=true port=3389 tcp_nodelay=true tcp_keepalive=true #tcp_send_buffer_bytes=32768 #tcp_recv_buffer_bytes=32768 security_layer=tls crypt_level=high certificate=/etc/xrdp/terminalserver.firma.intern.crt key_file=/etc/xrdp/terminalserver.firma.intern.key disableSSLv3=true tls_ciphers=HIGH autorun= allow_channels=true allow_multimon=true bitmap_cache=true bitmap_compression=true bulk_compression=true #hidelogwindow=true max_bpp=32 new_cursors=true use_fastpath=both #require_credentials=true #pamerrortxt=change your password according to policy at http://url blue=009cb5 grey=dedede #black=000000 #dark_grey=808080 #blue=08246b #dark_blue=08246b #white=ffffff #red=ff0000 #green=00ff00 #background=626c72 ls_title=terminalserver.firma.intern ls_top_window_bg_color=009cb5 ls_width=350 ls_height=430 ls_bg_color=dedede #ls_background_image= ls_logo_filename= ls_logo_x_pos=55 ls_logo_y_pos=50 ls_label_x_pos=30 ls_label_width=60 ls_input_x_pos=110 ls_input_width=210 ls_input_y_pos=220 ls_btn_ok_x_pos=142 ls_btn_ok_y_pos=370 ls_btn_ok_width=85 ls_btn_ok_height=30 ls_btn_cancel_x_pos=237 ls_btn_cancel_y_pos=370 ls_btn_cancel_width=85 ls_btn_cancel_height=30 [Logging] LogFile=xrdp.log LogLevel=DEBUG EnableSyslog=true SyslogLevel=DEBUG [Channels] rdpdr=true rdpsnd=true drdynvc=true cliprdr=true rail=true xrdpvr=true tcutils=true #port=/var/run/xrdp/sockdir/xrdp_display_10 #chansrvport=/var/run/xrdp/sockdir/xrdp_chansrv_socket_7210 [Xorg] name=Linux lib=libxup.so username=ask password=ask ip=127.0.0.1 port=-1 code=20 #channel.rdpdr=true #channel.rdpsnd=true #channel.drdynvc=true #channel.cliprdr=true #channel.rail=true #channel.xrdpvr=true
root@terminalserver:/# grep -v ^[\;] /etc/xrdp/sesman.ini [Globals] ListenAddress=127.0.0.1 ListenPort=3350 EnableUserWindowManager=true UserWindowManager=startwm.sh DefaultWindowManager=startwm.sh [Security] AllowRootLogin=false MaxLoginRetry=4 TerminalServerUsers=tsusers TerminalServerAdmins=tsadmins AlwaysGroupCheck=false [Sessions] X11DisplayOffset=10 MaxSessions=50 KillDisconnected=false IdleTimeLimit=0 DisconnectedTimeLimit=0 Policy=Default [Logging] LogFile=xrdp-sesman.log LogLevel=DEBUG EnableSyslog=1 SyslogLevel=DEBUG [Xorg] param=Xorg param=-config param=xrdp/xorg.conf param=-noreset param=-nolisten param=tcp [Xvnc] param=Xvnc param=-bs param=-nolisten param=tcp param=-localhost param=-dpi param=96 [Chansrv] FuseMountName=thinclient_drives [SessionVariables] PULSE_SCRIPT=/etc/xrdp/pulse/default.pa
- Xorg Server Anpassungen
root@terminalserver:/# cat /etc/X11/Xwrapper.config # Xwrapper.config (Debian X Window System server wrapper configuration file) # # This file was generated by the post-installation script of the # xserver-xorg-legacy package using values from the debconf database. # # See the Xwrapper.config(5) manual page for more information. # # This file is automatically updated on upgrades of the xserver-xorg-legacy # package *only* if it has not been modified since the last upgrade of that # package. # # If you have edited this file but would like it to be automatically updated # again, run the following command as root: # dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg-legacy #allowed_users=console allowed_users=anybody
- Achtung Berechtigungen für Zertifikat und Keyfile
root@terminalserver:/# ls -al /etc/xrdp/terminalserver.firma.intern* -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 2602 Jun 12 17:01 /etc/xrdp/terminalserver.firma.intern.crt -rwxr----- 1 root xrdp 3272 Jun 12 17:01 /etc/xrdp/terminalserver.firma.intern.key
Gesonderte System Anpassungen
Proxy Einstellungen zuteilen
- Variante 1 - der aktuelle User selbst / ohne Firefox Einstellungen zu editieren
- Ermitteln ob Systemproxy gesetzt wurde:
christian.czeczil@terminalserver:~$ gsettings get org.gnome.system.proxy mode 'none'
- Systemproxy über cli setzen:
christian.czeczil@terminalserver:~$ gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy mode 'manual' christian.czeczil@terminalserver:~$ gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http host 'firewall.firma.intern' christian.czeczil@terminalserver:~$ gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http port 8080
- Variante 2 - Für jeden neuen User werden die Einstellungen gesetzt:
root@terminalserver:~# apt-get install dconf-cli root@terminalserver:~# mkdir -p /etc/dconf/db/site.d root@terminalserver:~# mkdir /etc/dconf/profile root@terminalserver:/# cat /etc/dconf/db/site.d/00_proxy [system/proxy] mode='manual' [system/proxy/http] host='firewall.firma.intern' port=8080 enabled=true root@terminalserver:/# cat /etc/dconf/profile/user user-db:user system-db:site root@terminalserver:~# dconf update root@terminalserver:~# dconf dump / [system/proxy/http] host='firewall.firma.intern' port=8080 enabled=true [system/proxy] mode='manual'
Home-Verzeichnis vom Windows Server mounten
- Installation pam Modul und keyutils
apt-get install libpam-mount keytuils
- /etc/security/pam_mount.conf.xml
- In diesem Beispiel befinden sich die Home Verzeichnisse der User auf FILESERVER und es existiert jeweils ein verstecktes Share mit username$
<!-- Example using CIFS -->
<volume
fstype="cifs"
server="FILESERVER"
path="%(USER)$"
mountpoint="~/Documents"
options="sec=krb5,seal,vers=3.0,cruid=%(USERUID)"
/>
- /etc/pam.d/common-session
root@terminalserver:/etc/pam.d# cat common-session # # /etc/pam.d/common-session - session-related modules common to all services # # This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files, # and should contain a list of modules that define tasks to be performed # at the start and end of sessions of *any* kind (both interactive and # non-interactive). # # As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default. # To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any # local modules either before or after the default block, and use # pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See # pam-auth-update(8) for details. # here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block) session [default=1] pam_permit.so # here's the fallback if no module succeeds session requisite pam_deny.so # prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already; # this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code # since the modules above will each just jump around session required pam_permit.so # and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block) session required pam_unix.so session optional pam_sss.so session required pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/ umask=0077 session optional pam_mount.so session optional pam_systemd.so # end of pam-auth-update config
Hibernate/Reboot/Shutdown deaktivieren für User
- Buttons werden in GUI ausgegraut
root@terminalserver:/# cat /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/disable-shutdown.pkla [Disable shutdown/whatever] Identity=unix-user:* Action=org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop;org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.restart;org.freedesktop.upower.suspend;org.freedesktop.upower.hibernate ResultAny=no ResultInactive=no ResultActive=no root@terminalserver:/# cat /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/restrict-login-powermgmt.pkla [Disable lightdm PowerMgmt] Identity=unix-user:* Action=org.freedesktop.login1.reboot;org.freedesktop.login1.reboot-multiple-sessions;org.freedesktop.login1.power-off;org.freedesktop.login1.power-off-multiple-sessions;org.freedesktop.login1.suspend;org.freedesktop.login1.suspend-multiple-sessions;org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate;org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate-multiple-sessions ResultAny=no ResultInactive=no ResultActive=no
Bug - Schwarzer Screen
- Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen ( user war bereits eingeloggt und loggt sich nach einiger Zeit wieder ein) bleibt der „Bildschirm“ schwarz
- Maximale BPP ändern
- /etc/xrdp/xrdp.ini → max_bpp=16
- Power Management anpassen ?
- XRDP Server aus den backports für stretch installiert
- Wenn Mate eingesetzt wird - für betroffene User:
Im jeweiligen User Kontext: echo mate-session > ~/.xsession
SSO - Apache mit Kerberos + Poor Mans Ticket System
- Es sollte ein Ticketsystem geschaffen werden, das so einfach wie möglich Tickets erstellen lässt , um sie Zentral zuzustellen / Die User sollen sich nicht extra einloggen müssen - daher SSO
Serverkomponenten
- System wird ins AD reingesetzt wie bei SSO mit dem Dokuwiki
- Wäre mit Bootstrap schöner , in diesem Fall ein HTML Formular, das Online mittels Generator generiert wurde um Fehlerbeschreibungen einzugeben und dies über support.php zu verschicken
Enduser Ticket erstellen
- die „EDV-Hilfe“ Links werden über GPO am Desktop ausgerollt und über SSO authentifiziert sich der User vollkomment transparent - Aufgrund des User Namens wird die E-Mail Adresse generiert an die das Ticket in Kopie geschickt werden / Das Ticket wird an die jeweilige Support E-Mail Adresse geschickt und kann dort weiter verarbeitet werden - als Absender sieht der Support E-Mail Verantwortliche die Infos des Users und kann direkt dem User ein Mail schreiben
SSO - Apache mit Kerberos + Dokuwiki
- Wir wollen in einer Active Directory Umgebung SSO für Dokuwiki
- Bestimmten Gruppen soll es ermöglicht werden Einträge zu ändern bzw. Superuser zu sein und andere Gruppen sollen nur Leserechte bekommen
- Bei den Clients muss Integrierte Windows Authentifizierung bei den Einstellungen der „Internetoptionen“ aktiviert sein (Default Einstellung)
- Falls SSO nicht funktioniert wird ein Fallback durchgeführt auf Basic Authentifizierung in der der User zu Username und Passwort aufgefordert wird - Achtung hier auf SSL/TLS setzen für den Webserver
- Domäne: firma.intern
- Zielserver: webserver.firma.intern / Debian stretch minimal
Anforderungen Zielserver
- Erforderliche Pakete
apt-get install krb5-user krb5-config libapache2-mod-auth-kerb msktutil
- Anforderungen innerhalb Infrastruktur
- Forward und Reverse Lookup wurden konfiguriert auf AD Server bzw. DNS Server zB: webserver.firma.intern → 192.168.0.20 u. 192.168.0.20 → webserver.firma.intern
- Forward und Reverse Lookup funktionieren auch auf Zielserver entsprechend d.h. richtige DNS Server wurden eingetragen /etc/resolv.conf
- Zeit wird synchronisiert mit zB: AD Server - Zeit darf nicht um mehr als 5 Minuten vom AD Server abweichen , mit openntpd oder ntp
Zielserver dem AD hinzufügen /Kerberos
- Zuerst Kerberos konfigurieren & Ticket holen mit Administrator User (kinit Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN) oder User der die Rechte besitzt ein Gerät hinzuzufügen ()
- Im Anschluss mit msktutil den Server dem Active Directory hinzufügen - er erscheint am AD Server als Computer Objekt unter der OU „COMPUTERS“
- Kerberos Konfiguration
cat /etc/krb5.conf
[logging]
default = FILE:/var/log/krb5.log
[libdefaults]
default_realm = FIRMA.INTERN
# The following krb5.conf variables are only for MIT Kerberos.
krb4_config = /etc/krb.conf
krb4_realms = /etc/krb.realms
kdc_timesync = 1
ccache_type = 4
forwardable = true
proxiable = true
[realms]
FIRMA.INTERN = {
kdc = adserver.firma.intern
admin_server = adserver.firma.intern
default_domain = firma.intern
}
[domain_realm]
.firma.intern = FIRMA.INTERN
firma.intern = FIRMA.INTERN
root@webserver:~# kinit Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN Password for Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN: root@webserver:~# klist Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_0 Default principal: Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN Valid starting Expires Service principal 03/04/19 10:54:48 03/04/19 20:54:48 krbtgt/FIRMA.INTERN@FIRMA.INTERN renew until 04/04/19 10:54:43 root@webserver:~# msktutil -c -b "CN=COMPUTERS" -s HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN -h webserver.FIRMA.INTERN -k /etc/apache2/HTTP.keytab --computer-name web-http --upn HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN --server adserver.FIRMA.INTERN --verbose -- init_password: Wiping the computer password structure -- generate_new_password: Generating a new, random password for the computer account -- generate_new_password: Characters read from /dev/urandom = 85 -- create_fake_krb5_conf: Created a fake krb5.conf file: /tmp/.msktkrb5.conf-AZ8Cv8 -- reload: Reloading Kerberos Context -- finalize_exec: SAM Account Name is: web-http$ -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Trying to authenticate for web-http$ from local keytab... -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Error: krb5_get_init_creds_keytab failed (Client not found in Kerberos database) -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Authentication with keytab failed -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Trying to authenticate for WEB-HTTP$ from local keytab... -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Error: krb5_get_init_creds_keytab failed (Client not found in Kerberos database) -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Authentication with keytab failed -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Trying to authenticate for host/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN from local keytab... -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Error: krb5_get_init_creds_keytab failed (Client not found in Kerberos database) -- try_machine_keytab_princ: Authentication with keytab failed -- try_machine_password: Trying to authenticate for web-http$ with password. -- create_default_machine_password: Default machine password for web-http$ is web-http -- try_machine_password: Error: krb5_get_init_creds_keytab failed (Client not found in Kerberos database) -- try_machine_password: Authentication with password failed -- try_user_creds: Checking if default ticket cache has tickets... -- finalize_exec: Authenticated using method 5 -- LDAPConnection: Connecting to LDAP server: adserver.FIRMA.INTERN SASL/GSSAPI authentication started SASL username: Administrator@FIRMA.INTERN SASL SSF: 56 SASL data security layer installed. -- ldap_get_base_dn: Determining default LDAP base: dc=FIRMA,dc=INTERN -- ldap_check_account: Checking that a computer account for web-http$ exists -- ldap_create_account: Computer account not found, create the account No computer account for web-http found, creating a new one. -- ldap_check_account_strings: Inspecting (and updating) computer account attributes -- ldap_check_account_strings: Found userPrincipalName = -- ldap_check_account_strings: userPrincipalName should be HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN@FIRMA.INTERN -- ldap_set_userAccountControl_flag: Setting userAccountControl bit at 0x200000 to 0x0 -- ldap_set_userAccountControl_flag: userAccountControl not changed 0x1000 -- ldap_get_kvno: KVNO is 1 -- ldap_add_principal: Checking that adding principal HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN to web-http$ won't cause a conflict -- ldap_add_principal: Adding principal HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN to LDAP entry -- ldap_add_principal: Checking that adding principal host/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN to web-http$ won't cause a conflict -- ldap_add_principal: Adding principal host/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN to LDAP entry -- execute: Updating all entries for webserver.FIRMA.INTERN in the keytab WRFILE:/etc/apache2/HTTP.keytab -- update_keytab: Updating all entries for web-http$ -- add_principal_keytab: Adding principal to keytab: web-http$ -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x17 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x11 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x12 -- add_principal_keytab: Adding principal to keytab: WEB-HTTP$ -- add_principal_keytab: Removing entries with kvno < 0 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x17 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x11 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x12 -- add_principal_keytab: Adding principal to keytab: HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Removing entries with kvno < 0 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x17 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x11 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x12 -- add_principal_keytab: Adding principal to keytab: host/web-http -- add_principal_keytab: Removing entries with kvno < 0 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x17 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x11 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x12 -- update_keytab: Entries for SPN HTTP/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN have already been added. Skipping ... -- add_principal_keytab: Adding principal to keytab: host/webserver.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Removing entries with kvno < 0 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x17 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x11 -- add_principal_keytab: Using salt of FIRMA.INTERNhostweb-http.FIRMA.INTERN -- add_principal_keytab: Adding entry of enctype 0x12 -- ~KRB5Context: Destroying Kerberos Context
- Cron job hinzufügen damit Keytab aktualisiert wird ( per Default müssen alle „Computer“ alle 30 Tage das „Passwort“ wechseln in Windows AD)
root@webserver:/etc/cron.d# cat msktutil 00 00 * * * root /usr/sbin/msktutil --auto-update -k /etc/apache2/keytab/HTTP.keytab --computer-name web-http | logger -t "msktutil"
Apache2 Keytab konfigurieren - Directory ACLs
- Keytab wurde unter /etc/apache2/keytab kopiert
root@webserver:/etc/apache2/keytab# ls -al total 12 dr-x------ 2 www-data root 4096 Apr 3 10:56 . drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Apr 3 11:06 .. -r-------- 1 www-data root 1192 Apr 3 10:54 HTTP.keytab
- Apache2 Beispielkonfiguration für Vhost
...
<Directory /var/www/howto.firma.intern>
AllowOverride all
Order allow,deny
allow from all
AuthType Kerberos
AuthName "Firmenlogin zB: vorname.nachname"
KrbAuthRealm FIRMA.INTERN
Krb5Keytab /etc/apache2/keytab/HTTP.keytab
KrbMethodK5Passwd On
Require valid-user
</Directory>
...
Dokukwiki konfigurieren
- authad Plugin wird verwendet
- Benutzer für Dokuwiki muss erstellt werden damit die Gruppenzugehörigkeit überprüft werden kann - es reicht ein User mit Standardrechten d.h. Domänen User
- Superuser wird wer Mitglied zB: der Gruppe „Dokuadmins“ und „admin“ ist
- Dokuwiki Installation liegt unter /var/www/howto.firma.intern/ entspricht dem DocumentRoot für den virtuellen Vhost und dieser ist innerhalb der Firma unter https://howto.firma.intern erreichbar
root@webserver:/var/www/howto.firma.intern/conf# cat local.php <?php /* * Dokuwiki's Main Configuration File - Local Settings * Auto-generated by config plugin * Run for user: christian.czeczil * Date: Wed, 03 Apr 2019 12:52:41 +0200 */ $conf['authtype'] = 'authad'; $conf['superuser'] = '@admin,@Dokuadmins'; $conf['disableactions'] = 'register'; $conf['plugin']['authad']['account_suffix'] = '@firma.intern'; $conf['plugin']['authad']['base_dn'] = 'DC=firma,DC=intern'; $conf['plugin']['authad']['domain_controllers'] = 'adserver.firma.intern';
- local.protected.php → damit die Einstellungen nicht editiert werden können
root@webserver:/var/www/howto.firma.intern/conf# cat local.protected.php <?php $conf['plugin']['authad']['sso'] = 1; $conf['plugin']['authad']['admin_username'] = 'DOKUWIKI_USER'; $conf['plugin']['authad']['admin_password'] = 'DOKUWIKI_PASSWORT'; // // ?>
- Alle User dürfen das Dokuwiki grundsätzlich lesen
root@webserver:/var/www/howto.firma.intern/conf# cat acl.auth.php # acl.auth.php # <?php exit()?> # Don't modify the lines above # # Access Control Lists # # Auto-generated by install script # Date: Wed, 03 Apr 2019 10:01:09 +0000 * @ALL 1 * @user 1
unattended-upgrades
- Bei Debian jessie/stretch reicht für die Installation von security Upgrades:
apt-get install unattended-upgrades
- Achtung wird per cronjob aufgerufen auch manuell möglich über unattended-upgrade oder mit -d für debug
- Bei Linux Mint Sarah 18 und Linux Mint 19 funktioniert die Erkennung der Distribution nicht automatisch für die Updates
- Auf einer Workstation mit google chrome repository zB: bei Linux Mint Sarah 18
- /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades:
Unattended-Upgrade::Allowed-Origins {
"${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-security";
"${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-updates";
// "${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-proposed";
// "${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-backports";
"Google LLC:stable";
"Ubuntu:xenial-security";
"Ubuntu:xenial-updates";
"Ubuntu:xenial-partner";
};
SQUID logging - mit goaccess fancy logs
- Durchgeführt auf Debian stretch
- Logging mit https://goaccess.io/
- Möchte längerfristig die Logs - Logs pro Monat und die Aktuellen
- Aufgrund der DSGVO werden nur so wenig persistente Logs wie sinnvoll gespeichert zB: 7 Tage
- Repository von goaccess da goaccess in den offiziellen debian repos keine persistente Datenbank unterstützt
CRON - konfigurieren
- Die Logs werden täglich rotiert
- Jeder Monat bekommt in Summe ein eigenes File im format YYYYMM.html
- Aktuelle Statistiken befinden sich im index.html File werden im /var/www/stats abgelegt Webserver entsprechend konfigurieren
- /etc/cron.d/goaccess
SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games 45 8 1 * * root cp /var/www/stats/fancy/index.html /var/www/stats/$(date +\%Y\%m --date "now -1 days").html && rm /var/lib/goaccess/*.tcb 45 7 * * * root ( [[ $(date +\%d) == "02" ]] && zcat /var/log/squid/combined.log.1.gz | goaccess - --keep-db-files --config-file /etc/goaccess/goaccess.conf > /var/www/stats/index.html ) || ( zcat /var/log/squid/combined.log.1.gz | goaccess - --keep-db-files --load-from-disk --config-file /etc/goaccess/goaccess.conf > /var/www/stats/index.html )
LOGROTATE - konfigurieren
- /etc/logrotate.d/squid
/var/log/squid/*.log
{
rotate 7
daily
missingok
notifempty
compress
sharedscripts
postrotate
invoke-rc.d syslog-ng reload > /dev/null
endscript
SYSLOG-NG- konfigurieren
- /etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf
...
filter f_squid_combined { program("squid") and facility("local7"); };
destination d_squid_combined { file("/var/log/squid/combined.log" template("${MESSAGE}\n")); };
log { source(s_src); filter(f_squid_combined); destination(d_squid_combined); flags(final);};
....
SQUID - konfigurieren
- /etc/squid/squid.conf
... access_log syslog:local7.info combined ..
GOACCESS - konfigurieren
- /etc/apt/sources.list.d/goaccess.list
deb http://deb.goaccess.io/ stretch main
- Key hinzufügen zu trusted repo keys
wget -O - https://deb.goaccess.io/gnugpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
- Repos aktualisieren und goaccess mit Persistenz Support installieren
apt-get install goaccess-tcb
- Beispielkonfiguration: /etc/goaccess/goaccess.conf
time-format %H:%M:%S
date-format %d/%b/%Y
log-format %h %^[%d:%t %^] "%r" %s %b "%R" "%u"
log-format COMBINED
config-dialog false
hl-header true
html-prefs {"theme":"bright","perPage":10,"layout":"vertical","showTables":true,"visitors":{"plot":{"chartType":"bar"}}}
json-pretty-print false
no-color false
no-column-names false
no-csv-summary false
no-progress false
no-tab-scroll false
with-mouse true
agent-list false
with-output-resolver false
http-method yes
http-protocol yes
no-query-string false
no-term-resolver false
444-as-404 false
4xx-to-unique-count false
accumulated-time true
all-static-files false
double-decode false
ignore-crawlers false
crawlers-only false
ignore-panel KEYPHRASES
ignore-panel GEO_LOCATION
real-os true
static-file .css
static-file .js
static-file .jpg
static-file .png
static-file .gif
static-file .ico
static-file .jpeg
static-file .pdf
static-file .csv
static-file .mpeg
static-file .mpg
static-file .swf
static-file .woff
static-file .woff2
static-file .xls
static-file .xlsx
static-file .doc
static-file .docx
static-file .ppt
static-file .pptx
static-file .txt
static-file .zip
static-file .ogg
static-file .mp3
static-file .mp4
static-file .exe
static-file .iso
static-file .gz
static-file .rar
static-file .svg
static-file .bmp
static-file .tar
static-file .tgz
static-file .tiff
static-file .tif
static-file .ttf
static-file .flv
db-path /var/lib/goaccess
- Persistente Location für Datenbank /var/lib/goaccess
mkdir /var/lib/goaccess
SQUID Caching Proxy für Windows Updates
- Getestet mit Ubuntu 18.04 / Debian Buster - Clients Windows 10 LTSB 2016
- „Cacheserver“ läuft als stand alone Proxy Server - Firewall hat ihn für die Windows Updates als „parent“
- Sehr viel trial and error - nachsehen ob TCP/MEM Hit's in den Logs vorliegen und der cache auch wächst
Caching Proxy
- Cacheproxy Konfiguration auf Debian Buster - /etc/squid/squid.conf
acl allowedNetworks src 1.2.3.0/24 acl windowsupdate dstdomain "/etc/squid/cache_domains/windowsupdate.acl" acl CONNECT method CONNECT acl wuCONNECT dstdomain www.update.microsoft.com acl wuCONNECT dstdomain sls.microsoft.com acl slowdown_domains dstdom_regex "/etc/squid/slowdown_domains" http_access allow CONNECT wuCONNECT allowedNetworks http_access allow windowsupdate allowedNetworks http_access deny all http_port 8080 access_log /var/log/squid/access.log combined #Cache Windows Updates refresh_pattern -i windowsupdate.com/.*\.(cab|exe|ms[i|u|f|p]|[ap]sf|wm[v|a]|dat|zip|psf) 43200 80% 129600 reload-into-ims refresh_pattern -i microsoft.com/.*\.(cab|exe|ms[i|u|f|p]|[ap]sf|wm[v|a]|dat|zip|psf) 43200 80% 129600 reload-into-ims refresh_pattern -i windows.com/.*\.(cab|exe|ms[i|u|f|p]|[ap]sf|wm[v|a]|dat|zip|psf) 43200 80% 129600 reload-into-ims refresh_pattern -i microsoft.com.akadns.net/.*\.(cab|exe|ms[i|u|f|p]|[ap]sf|wm[v|a]|dat|zip|psf) 43200 80% 129600 reload-into-ims refresh_pattern -i deploy.akamaitechnologies.com/.*\.(cab|exe|ms[i|u|f|p]|[ap]sf|wm[v|a]|dat|zip|psf) 43200 80% 129600 reload-into-ims cache_mem 512 MB minimum_object_size 0 maximum_object_size 32768 MB maximum_object_size_in_memory 16384 KB range_offset_limit 32768 MB windowsupdate quick_abort_min -1 KB # cache_dir aufs Directory-Name Mbytes L1 L2 [options] cache_dir aufs /var/lib/squid 100000 16 256 #Throttle Speed to maximum of 2000Kbyte for specific domains delay_pools 1 delay_class 1 1 delay_access 1 allow slowdown_domains delay_parameters 1 2000000/2000000
- Achtung Traffic Shaping (für CONNECT Zugriffe) funktioniert seit squid4 nicht mehr - https://squid-users.squid-cache.narkive.com/a9Ro3fM3/delay-pools-in-squid4-not-working-with-https there's a bug for that *
- Achtung Traffic Shaping (für CONNECT Zugriffe) scheint seit squid 5.7 wieder zu funktionieren - getestet mit Debian Bookworm
- /etc/squid/cache_domains/windowsupdate.acl
windowsupdate.microsoft.com .update.microsoft.com redir.metaservices.microsoft.com images.metaservices.microsoft.com c.microsoft.com wustat.windows.com crl.microsoft.com sls.microsoft.com productactivation.one.microsoft.com ntservicepack.microsoft.com .mp.microsoft.com .windowsupdate.com .download.windowsupdate.com
- /etc/squid/slowdown_domains
#2015-06-08: Limit Windows Updates \.windowsupdate\.com \.download\.windowsupdate\.com au\.download\.windowsupdate\.com #2018-10-16 cc: Limit Windows Update delivery network \.delivery\.mp\.microsoft\.com
Firewall Proxy
- Getestet auf Ubuntu 18.04
- Für alle Windows Update spezifischen Domains wird der Caching Proxy genommen / Server sollen weiterhin direkt von Microsoft die Updates ziehen sollte es Probleme mit dem Caching Proxy geben
- /etc/squid/squid.conf
acl blocked_server src "/etc/squid/blocked/blocked_server" acl windowsupdate dstdomain "/etc/squid/cache_domains/windowsupdate.acl" cache_peer IP_CACHE_PROXY parent 8080 0 connect-timeout=5 connect-fail-limit=5 no-query no-digest no-netdb-exchange proxy-only prefer_direct on never_direct allow windowsupdate !blocked_server always_direct deny windowsupdate !blocked_server always_direct allow all
- /etc/squid/cache_domains/windowsupdate.acl
windowsupdate.microsoft.com .update.microsoft.com redir.metaservices.microsoft.com images.metaservices.microsoft.com c.microsoft.com wustat.windows.com crl.microsoft.com sls.microsoft.com productactivation.one.microsoft.com ntservicepack.microsoft.com .mp.microsoft.com .windowsupdate.com .download.windowsupdate.com
- /etc/squid/blocked_server
#Server IP's / they should directly download the updates
SQUID bauen/konfigurieren - mit SSL intercept support
- Durchgeführt auf RPI3 mit Debian stretch (Raspian) / zum Teil mit Kali Linux
SQUID bauen
- Build Umgebung wird benötigt
- e.g. auf einem Kali Linux (leider keine history vom rpi3)
- SQUID 3.1.x
apt-get update apt-get install openssl apt-get install devscripts build-essential libssl-dev apt-get source squid3 apt-get build-dep squid3 cd squid3-3.1.14 vi debian/rules ->rules änderungen debuild -us -uc
- SQUID 3.5
Achtung: NOTE: Squid-3.5 requries --with-openssl instead of --enable-ssl und --enable-ctrdl Now with debian stretch i see libssl1.0-dev and libssl1.1 in the tree. I can still use libssl1.0-dev to build squid with ssl support? Even when debian stretch installs openssl 1.1.0? On stretch Squid-3 builds with libssl1.0-dev and Squid-4 builds with libssl-dev.
- SQUID 4.6 (Debian Buster)
- tests durchführen , gebaut wird es erfolgreich
apt-get source squid apt-get build-dep squid gnutls rausnehmen debian/rules -> --with-openssl , --enable-ctrdl , --enable-ssl
- SQUID 4.13 (Debian Bullseye)
- Kein manuelles Bauen mehr erforderlich
CA erstellen und directory intialisieren
- CA Directory initialisieren , Achtung richtige Verzeichnisse wählen
- zB:
155 2017-09-23 08:57:55 openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -days 3650 -nodes -x509 -extensions v3_ca -keyout myCA.pem -out myCA.pem 156 2017-09-23 08:57:55 openssl x509 -in myCA.pem -text -noout 163 2017-09-23 08:57:55 /usr/lib/squid/ssl_crtd -c -s certs/
- SQUID 4.13 Bullseye - Initialisierung
/usr/lib/squid/security_file_certgen -c -s /var/lib/squid/certs/ -M 32
SQUID konfigurieren
- SQUID 3.5:
- zB:
acl lan src 10.0.23.0/24 acl ssl_targets ssl::server_name_regex -i google.at google.com www.google.at www.google.com pannoniait.at #http_access allow lan ssl_targets http_access allow lan http_access deny all #http_port 3128 intercept ssl-bump https_port 3129 intercept ssl-bump generate-host-certificates=on dynamic_cert_mem_cache_size=4MB cert=/etc/squid/ssl/myCA.pem sslcrtd_program /usr/lib/squid/ssl_crtd -s /etc/squid/ssl/certs -M 4MB acl step1 at_step SslBump1 acl step2 at_step SslBump2 acl step3 at_step SslBump3 ssl_bump peek step1 all ssl_bump splice step3 ssl_targets ssl_bump terminate step2 !ssl_targets coredump_dir /var/spool/squid
- SQUID 4.13 - Debian Bullseye - kein Squid Bauen mehr erforderlich (squid-openssl)
acl ssl_no_bump_targets ssl::server_name_regex -i google.at google.com www.google.at www.google.com https_port 8082 intercept ssl-bump generate-host-certificates=on dynamic_cert_mem_cache_size=32MB cert=/var/lib/squid/myCA.pem acl step1 at_step SslBump1 ssl_bump peek step1 ssl_bump splice ssl_no_bump_targets ssl_bump stare all ssl_bump bump all sslcrtd_program /usr/lib/squid/security_file_certgen -s /var/lib/squid/certs -M 32MB
Firewall anpassen
- iptables Testkonfiguration (man kanns auch lokal testen durch das Redirect der Output Chains):
iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -m owner --uid proxy -j RETURN iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to 3129 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --syn --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to 3129 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE
gnome-calculator
- Hängt sich auf dem Starten
- danke:
** (gnome-calculator:3804): WARNING **: 22:11:13.937: currency-provider.vala:161: Couldn't download IMF currency rate file: HTTP/2 Error: INTERNAL_ERROR https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-calculator/-/issues/359 Joel Bruijn @joeldebruijn 3 months ago Came looking for this issue, applied gsettings set org.gnome.calculator refresh-interval 0 et voila, works again, thanks! gsettings set org.gnome.calculator refresh-interval 0
thunar
- System: Kali Linux / Linux Mint
- Mehrere cifs mounts werden unter /mnt gemounted
- Sobald über die grafische Oberfläche zB: thunar im XFCE zugegriffen wird bleibt alles hängen / Desktopsymbole verschwinden
- AutoMount=true auf AutoMount=false → reboot
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cat /usr/share/gvfs/mounts/trash.mount [Mount] Type=trash Exec=/usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-trash AutoMount=false
- „smb“ pseudo mounts nicht über thundar möglich / direkt über Adresszeile
- Getestet auf: Linux Debian 11
apt-get install gvfs-backends gvfs-bin
gphotos-sync - install pip3
- Getestet auf Debian Buster
- Installiert wird auf „mrCloud“ für User „cloud-urnilxfgbez“ mit Home Verzeichnis unter “/mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez„
- Installation:
root@mrCloud:~# apt-get install python3-setuptools
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
dh-python libfile-copy-recursive-perl libgmime-2.6-0 libicu57 libnotmuch4 libperl5.24 libpython3.5-minimal
libpython3.5-stdlib linux-image-4.9.0-4-amd64 python3.5 python3.5-minimal sgml-base tcpd update-inetd xml-core
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
python3-pkg-resources
Suggested packages:
python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
python3-pkg-resources python3-setuptools
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
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Setting up python3-setuptools (40.8.0-1) ...
root@mrCloud:~# pip3 install https://codeload.github.com/gilesknap/gphotos-sync/zip/master
Collecting https://codeload.github.com/gilesknap/gphotos-sync/zip/master
Downloading https://codeload.github.com/gilesknap/gphotos-sync/zip/master (11.1MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 11.1MB 142kB/s
....
....
Successfully installed PyYaml-5.1.2 appdirs-1.4.3 certifi-2019.6.16 chardet-3.0.4 enum34-1.1.6 exif-0.8.1 gphotos-sync-2.10 idna-2.8 oauthlib-3.1.0 requests-2.22.0 requests-oauthlib-1.2.0 selenium-3.141.0 urllib3-1.25.3
- Spezifische Schritte für Google API / Auth aktivieren (https://pypi.org/project/gphotos-sync/)
- Projekt erstellen unter https://console.developers.google.com
- API - „Photos Library API“ aktivieren für das Projekt
- „Create Credentials“ um API benützen zu dürfen
- Credentials als „json“ File herunterladen
- Verzeichnisse für User auf Server vorbereiten
root@mrCloud:/mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez# mkdir -p .config/gphotos-sync root@mrCloud:/mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez# chown cloud-urnilxfgbez:cloud-urnilxfgbez .config/gphotos-sync root@mrCloud:/mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez# chmod 700 .config/gphotos-sync
- JSON Credentials herunterladen und umbenennen auf client_secret.json und kopieren nach /mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez/.config/gphotos-sync
- Synchronisiation erstmalig autorisieren und starten - Aufruf der Seite die unter „Please go here and authorize,“ angezeigt wird
cloud-urnilxfgbez@mrCloud:~$ gphotos-sync "/mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez/Google Photos" Please go here and authorize, https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?.... Paste the response token here:RESPONSE_TOKEN_DER_ANGEZEIGT_WIRD 09-10 11:56:44 Indexing Google Photos Files ...
- zB: cron job anlegen zum Aktualisieren
root@mrCloud:~# cat /etc/cron.d/gphotos-sync SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin 00 15 * * * cloud-urnilxfgbez gphotos-sync "/mnt/storage/urnilxfgbez/Google Photos" |& logger -t "gphotos-sync"
Simples Logfiles monitor / notify tool (monitor-management.sh)
- Anforderungen:
- Es soll eine einfache Möglichkeit geschaffen werden die Logfiles der Switches in „Echtzeit“ zu analysieren und beim Eintritt bestimmter Ereignisse zB: Switch Loops soll es zu einer Verständigung kommen
- Es gibt bereits ein Werkzeug dafür tenshi (http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man8/tenshi.8.html) - dieses hatte sich jedoch bei meinen Tests als unbrauchbar erwiesen (Ubuntu 18.04)
- /lib/systemd/system/monitor-management.service
[Unit] Description=Monitoring management.log Logfiles [Service] Type=simple RemainAfterExit=false ExecStop=/bin/kill -SIGTERM $MAINPID ExecStart=/usr/local/sbin/monitor-management.sh [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
- /usr/local/sbin/monitor-management.sh (https://superuser.com/questions/270529/monitoring-a-file-until-a-string-is-found)
#!/bin/bash /usr/bin/tail -q --follow=name --retry -n 0 /var/log/management.log | while read LOGLINE do echo $LOGLINE | grep -q "Loopback exists on" if [ $? == "0" ] then echo $LOGLINE | mail -s "Critical: Switch LOOP DETECTED" root fi done
systemd service beim shutdown bis zum Ende ausführen (systemd case)
- Anforderungen - Ich möchte dass mein Service beim shutdown bis zum Ende durchgeführt wird und nicht durch ein Timeout oder SIGTERM/SIGKILL von systemd abgeschossen wird
- Beispiel: systemd unit file für die Tests mit borg Backup , Zusätzlich möchte ich die Ausgabe des Service auf tty1
- Getestet mit systemd 242 (242) (Kali Linux / 5.2er Kernel)
- cat /lib/systemd/system/borg-backup.service
[Unit]
Description=BORG Backup of local machine
[Service]
Type=oneshot
RemainAfterExit=true
ExecStop=/usr/bin/borg create --one-file-system --numeric-owner --stats --progress --exclude /swap.img --exclude '/home/*/*.iso' --exclude '/home/*/*.ISO' --exclude '/home/urnilxfgbez/Downloads/' --compression lz4 /mnt/backup/mrWhiteGhost::{now} / /boot
ExecStart=/usr/bin/borg prune --stats --keep-last 4 /mnt/backup/mrWhiteGhost/
KillMode=none
TimeoutStopSec=infinity
StandardOutput=tty
StandardError=tty
TTYPath=/dev/tty1
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
- systemctl status borg-backup
● borg-backup.service - BORG Backup of local machine Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/borg-backup.service; enabled; vendor pre> Active: active (exited) since Sun 2019-10-20 11:07:44 CEST; 14min ago Process: 698 ExecStart=/usr/bin/borg prune --stats --keep-last 4 /mnt/backup/> Main PID: 698 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Oct 20 11:07:27 mrWhiteGhost systemd[1]: Starting BORG Backup of local machine.> Oct 20 11:07:44 mrWhiteGhost systemd[1]: Started BORG Backup of local machine.
udev trigger für mount funktioniert nicht mehr (systemd case)
This is a systemd feature. The original udev command has been replaced by systemd-udevd (see its man page). One of the differences is that it creates its own filesystem namespace, so your mount is done, but it is not visible in the principal namespace. (You can check this by doing systemctl status systemd-udevd to get the Main PID of the service, then looking through the contents of /proc/<pid>/mountinfo for your filesystem). If you want to go back to having a shared instead of private filesystem namespace, then create a file /etc/systemd/system/systemd-udevd.service with contents .include /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-udevd.service [Service] MountFlags=shared or a new directory and file /etc/systemd/system/systemd-udevd.service.d/myoverride.conf with just the last 2 lines, i.e. [Service] MountFlags=shared and restart the systemd-udevd service. I haven't found the implications of doing this.
desinfect 201920 per PXE booten
- Ausgezeichnete Anleitung unter: http://www.gtkdb.de/index_7_3065.html
- Auszug aus den Logs von meinem Server:
mount -o loop /mnt/iso/hb_2019_03.iso /mnt/tmp cd /mnt/tmp/software/ mount -o loop desinfect-201920-amd64.iso /mnt/tmp2/ cd /mnt/tmp2/ cp -a casper/ isolinux/ preseed/ /mnt/storage/nfs/desinfect/ cd casper/ cp vmlinuz /mnt/storage/nfs/tftp/vmlinuz64-desinfect cp initrd.lz /mnt/storage/nfs/tftp/initrd64-desinfect.lz
- pxelinux.cfg/default
default menu.c32 prompt 1 timeout 50 .... .... label desinfect 201920 menu label Desinfect 201920 kernel vmlinuz64-desinfect append nfsroot=192.168.10.1:/mnt/storage/nfs/desinfect/ netboot=nfs ro BOOT_IMAGE=casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd64-desinfect.lz debian-installer/language=de console-setup/layoutcode=de label desinfect 201920 easy menu label Desinfect 201920 easy kernel vmlinuz64-desinfect append nfsroot=192.168.10.1:/mnt/storage/nfs/desinfect/ netboot=nfs ro BOOT_IMAGE=casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd64-desinfect.lz easymode debian-installer/language=de console-setup/layoutcode=de .... ....
- /etc/exports
... /mnt/storage/nfs/desinfect 192.168.10.0/24(ro,sync,insecure,no_subtree_check) ...
Allerlei - PXE Boot
- TFTP Linux PXE Server - Chainload Legacy Build on Windows WDS Server (getestet bei Windows 2022 )
- pxechn.c32 kommt von mbr - wget https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/syslinux/6.xx/syslinux-6.03.zip
- WDS befindet sich unter 10.0.0.2
LABEL WDS MENU DEFAULT MENU LABEL WDS COM32 pxechn.c32 APPEND 10.0.0.2::boot\x64\wdsnbp.com -W
UEFI - PXE Boot
- - sehr mühsam
- Ursprünglich wollte ich hierfür wie für BIOS - https://wiki.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=PXELINUX nutzen mit den jeweiligen UEFI Binaries und Libraries - hier gibt es noch zu viele BUGS
- Reads
- Getestet wird clientseitig auf einem Debian Buster - KVM - apt-get install ovmf
/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64 -runas kvm -daemonize -enable-kvm -k de -pidfile /tmp/mrPXE.pid -chardev socket,id=mrPXE,path=/tmp/mrPXE_monitor.sock,server,nowait -monitor chardev:mrPXE -m 1024 -bios /usr/share/qemu/OVMF.fd -name mrPXE -boot order=n -vnc 127.0.0.1:8 -net nic,macaddr=00:11:24:53:f4:08,model=virtio -net tap,ifname=tap88,script=/usr/local/sbin/add_tap_buero,downscript=/usr/local/sbin/del_tap
UEFI - dnsmsasq Anpassungen
- Relevante dnsmasq.conf Einträge für UEFI 64
.. dhcp-match=set:efi-x86_64,option:client-arch,7 dhcp-boot=tag:efi-x86_64,efi64/efi64.efi,,10.0.24.254 ..
UEFI - grub2
- Für das EFI Binary und die Konfigurationsoptionen wird nun grub2 genutzt / funktioniert für Linux Boots und lokale Windows Boot Verweise auf
debugging bei grub shell - echo $prefix -> muss auf tftp server verweisen FIXME nochmals testen grub-mkimage -d /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/ -O x86_64-efi -o /home/urnilxfgbez/Desktop/build-grub-efi64.efi -p '(tftp,10.0.24.254)' efinet tftp root@mrStorage:/mnt/storage/nfs/tftp/efi64# ls -al total 228 drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 54 Aug 14 09:13 . drwxr-xr-x 1 root nogroup 640 Aug 14 09:01 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 229376 Aug 13 19:15 efi64.efi <- restellt mit grub-mkimage - nochmals testen -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1042 Aug 13 19:17 grub.cfg drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6018 Aug 14 09:12 x86_64-efi <- kopie von laufendem Debian Buster UEFI/EFI system
- debug prefix
grub> echo $prefix (tftp,x.x.x.x)/grub
- grub.cfg - ohne WDS Server
#set default="0"
function load_video {
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
insmod all_video
}
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod net
insmod efinet
insmod tftp
insmod gzio
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set timeout=60
menuentry 'Desinfect 201920 easy' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
linuxefi (tftp)/vmlinuz64-desinfect nfsroot=10.0.24.254:/mnt/storage/nfs/desinfect/ netboot=nfs ro BOOT_IMAGE=casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd64-desinfect.lz easymode debian-installer/language=de console-setup/layoutcode=de
initrdefi (tftp)/initrd64-desinfect.lz
}
menuentry 'Urbackup restore Backup' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
linuxefi (tftp)/urbackup/live/vmlinuz boot=live config username=urbackup toram noswap fetch=tftp://10.0.24.254/urbackup/live/filesystem.squashfs
initrdefi (tftp)/urbackup/live/initrd.img
}
menuentry 'Local Windows' --class os {
set root=(hd0,gpt1)
chainloader (${root})/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
boot
}
- grub.cfg - chainlink WDS Server
- Im Event Log des WDS Servers lädt er das EFI Boot File erfolgreich - Access Denied - entweder Bug im grub2 oder falscher Syntax - dead End mit grub2
...
menuentry 'WDS' --class os --unrestricted {
set root=(tftp,IP_WDS_SERVER)
chainloader (${root})/boot/x64/wdsmgfw.efi
...
}
UEFI - ipxe
- Leider war es mir mit grub2 nicht möglich auf den WDS Windows Server zu verweisen - dies war eine Voraussetzung für das Setup
- Entscheidender Nachteil dieser Variante - kein Secure Boot (https://ipxe.org/appnote/etoken) - der Weg führte leider schlussendlich zurück zum WDS Server
- Auf gehts mit IPXE - vielen Dank an:
- Achtung mit dem Standard EFI Binary auf der Homepage war es nicht möglich zB: Lenovo G2 ITL Geräte per PXE zu booten (Realtek Chipsatz)
- ipxe selber bauen (Dev System ist ein Debian Bullseye, gebaut am 19.09.2022)
git clone https://github.com/ipxe/ipxe.git cd ipxe/src/ make bin-x86_64-efi/ipxe.efi file bin-x86_64-efi/ipxe.efi sha1sum bin-x86_64-efi/ipxe.efi 945b2066b9c794a4bd891002049aa8584731b486
- Es wäre möglich gewesen die Konfiguration mit Menü gleich zu embedden d.h. ins Binary zu integrieren - da ich zuvor jedoch mit dem offiziellen Binary begann und den entsprechenden Anpassungen am Windows DHCP Server - am gleichen Ort wie ipxe.efi liegt main.ipxe
- main.ipxe - ich möchte den Chainlink zum Windows WDS Server und die Möglichkeit auf den Workstations plain Windows 11 oder Windows 10 zu installieren ohne Image am WDS Server
#!ipxe
#================ Main Menu =================
menu UEFI boot menu
item abort abort
item wds WDS
item win10 Windows 10 Pro 21H2 Install
item win11 Windows 11 Pro 21H2 Install
choose --default wds --timeout 5000 target && goto ${target}
#============ Main Menu Options =============
:abort
exit
:wds
set wdsserver:ipv4 IP_WDS_SERVER
set net0/next-server IP_WDS_SERVER
chain tftp://IP_WDS_SERVER/boot\x64\wdsmgfw.efi
:win10
kernel /efi64/wimboot
initrd /efi64/winpe/instwin1021h2/install.bat install.bat
initrd /efi64/winpe/instwin1021h2/winpeshl.ini winpeshl.ini
initrd /efi64/winpe/media/Boot/BCD BCD
initrd /efi64/winpe/media/Boot/boot.sdi boot.sdi
initrd /efi64/winpe/media/sources/boot.wim boot.wim
boot
:win11
kernel /efi64/wimboot
initrd /efi64/winpe/instwin1121h2/install.bat install.bat
initrd /efi64/winpe/instwin1121h2/winpeshl.ini winpeshl.ini
initrd /efi64/winpe/media/Boot/BCD BCD
initrd /efi64/winpe/media/Boot/boot.sdi boot.sdi
initrd /efi64/winpe/media/sources/boot.wim boot.wim
boot
#============== Main Menu End ===============
- Automatisch installation Starten von ausgepackter ISO auf Netzlaufwerk zB: , install.bat winpeshl.ini
- Winpe boot.wim (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/get-started/adk-install , ADK + Windows PE add-on , das vom TFTP Server gestartet wird wurde mit Windows ADK auf einem Windows System gebaut
- winpeshl.ini
[LaunchApps] "install.bat"
- install.bat
wpeinit ping -n 10 FILESERVER net use \\FILESERVER\isos$\win10pro21h2 /User:USER PASSWORD_USER \\FILESERVER\isos$\win10pro21h2\setup.exe /unattend:\\FILESERVER\isos$\win10pro21h2\unattended-uefi.xml
UEFI - WDS Read Filter Anpassungen
- Anpassen des READ Filters beim WDS Server damit die EFI Datei heruntergeladen werden kann mit / Syntax
Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\WDSServer\Providers\WDSTFTP ReadFilter: \boot\* \tmp\* boot\* tmp\* /boot/* /boot\* boot/*
UEFI - TFTP Server
- atftpd TFTP Server
- Nicht vergessen über systemd aktivieren
apt-get install atftpd
- /etc/default/atftpd
USE_INETD=false # OPTIONS below are used only with init script OPTIONS="--tftpd-timeout 300 --retry-timeout 5 --maxthread 100 --verbose=5 /mnt/storage/nfs/tftp"
UEFI - grub-install - lokal
- / gebootet von grml / per rsync laufendes System kopiert 1:1 (debian buster) / EFI Boot sicherstellen
EFI install: 32 root@grml /mnt # mount -t proc none proc :( root@grml /mnt # mount -t sysfs none sys root@grml /mnt # mount -o bind /dev dev root@grml /mnt # chroot ./ /bin/bash root@grml:/# grub-install Installing for x86_64-efi platform. Installation finished. No error reported. root@grml:/# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 45G 889M 41G 3% / /dev/sda3 152G 329M 144G 1% /var /dev/sda1 511M 5.1M 506M 1% /boot/efi <- vfat Partition (mkfs.vfat) udev 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev root@grml:/# update-grub root@grml:/# update-iniramfs -k all -u
- That's bad chroot mit debian bullseye und mit debian bookworm erstelltes ext4 / danke: https://askubuntu.com/questions/895632/update-grub-install-grub-error-unknown-filesystem
root@grml:/# grub-install
Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
grub-install: error: unknown filesystem
grub-probe: error: unknown filesystem.
I had this error on a ext4 filesystem (without RAID). So maybe your problem is completely different. But in case it's useful for others landing here like I did:
When an ext4 filesystem has the metadata_csum_seed feature enabled, then grub-install will not work and report this grub-install: error: unknown filesystem error.
This is documented in Debian bug 866603 which also has a simple test for the problem:
grub-probe --target=fs --device /dev/sda1
It will give the same error if sda1 has that feature enabled.
You can also use tune2fs to check:
tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep metadata_csum_seed
and you can disable the feature with
tune2fs -O ^metadata_csum_seed /dev/sda1
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answered Apr 7, 2019 at 20:33
mivk's user avatar
mivk
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2
Saved my day!!! Grub should probably make a more informative message. –
shouldsee
Commented May 13, 2019 at 14:46
4
Wow, thank you for writing that answer, which is spot on. Apparently, this problem can also occur for other recently added ext4 features: casefold and large_dir. GRUB does not (yet) know about them, and since they are marked "incompat" in ext4, GRUB does what any ext4 program should do in such a case: refuse to work with the filesystem. Hopefully the fix is trivial, at least for the checksum feature. –
Adrien Beau
Commented Nov 5, 2020 at 16:03
1
The ea_inode feature also cannot be used with GRUB. Even worse in that case, the feature cannot be disabled with tune2fs, the filesystem must be recreated from scratch. –
Adrien Beau
Commented Nov 5, 2020 at 18:02
saved me as well. I have to agree to @shouldsee grub could tell you which flag it doesn't want to work with. –
Pablo
Commented Apr 12, 2023 at 14:23
Feature metadata_csum may also be problematic even without seed. –
Mikko Rantalainen
Commented Mar 21, 2024 at 13:51
- grub-install: warning: EFI variables are not supported on this system..
In Chroot Umgebung bevor grub-install ausgeführt wird / Platte auswählen und mit blk0:.\EFI usw.. kann direkt der UEFI Boot ausgeführt werden aber nicht automatisch I fixed this, and got rid of the "efi variables are not supported on this system" by issuing this before running grub-install in the chroot environment: # mount -t efivarfs efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivars grub-install
bootstrapping Debian
- Bootstrapping von altem Notebook (/dev/sda) auf neues Notebook (/dev/sdb)
- Rsync des alten /home Verzeichnisses fehlt
Bootstrapping Debian with UEFI
https://wiki.debianforum.de/Debootstrap
I want GPT Partitions and UEFI boot
---
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.5
Partition table scan:
MBR: not present
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
Creating new GPT entries in memory.
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): o
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
-------------------------------------
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.5
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1953525168 sectors, 931.5 GiB
Model: Tech
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/4096 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): CA9A55BC-90E2-4B48-908E-AC417446BCB6
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1953525134
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 1953525101 sectors (931.5 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-1953525134, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-1953525134, default = 1953525134) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +600M
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef00
Changed type of partition to 'EFI system partition'
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (34-1953525134, default = 1230848) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (1230848-1953525134, default = 1953525134) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1024M
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (3-128, default 3):
First sector (34-1953525134, default = 3328000) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (3328000-1953525134, default = 1953525134) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): L
Type search string, or <Enter> to show all codes: cryp
8308 Linux dm-crypt a02e Android encrypt
a905 NetBSD encrypted e900 Veracrypt data
f801 Ceph dm-crypt OSD f803 Ceph dm-crypt journal
f805 Ceph dm-crypt disk in creation f809 Ceph lockbox for dm-crypt keys
f810 Ceph dm-crypt block f811 Ceph dm-crypt block DB
f812 Ceph dm-crypt block write-ahead lo f813 Ceph dm-crypt LUKS journal
f814 Ceph dm-crypt LUKS block f815 Ceph dm-crypt LUKS block DB
f816 Ceph dm-crypt LUKS block write-ahe f817 Ceph dm-crypt LUKS OSD
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
-----------------------------------------------
Partitions and Crypto:
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkfs.vfat -n EFI /dev/sdb1
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkfs.ext4 -L BOOT /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 17843802-be7c-4fac-b4b8-70e8b71eabaf
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb3
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb3 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type 'yes' in capital letters): YES
Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb3:
Verify passphrase:
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb3 ROOTIGES
Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb3:
----------
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkfs.ext4 -L ROOTIGES_PLAIN /dev/mapper/ROOTIGES
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 243770545 4k blocks and 60948480 inodes
Filesystem UUID: e3e418a6-eede-437f-9de5-a03ab67090b9
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
----------------------------
CHROOT Environment Preparation
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkdir /tmp/foo
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount /dev/mapper/ROOTIGES /tmp/foo
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkdir /tmp/foo/boot
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount /dev/sdb2 /tmp/foo/boot
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mkdir /tmp/foo/boot/efi
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount /dev/sdb1 /tmp/foo/boot/efi/
------
Debootstrap go Debian Buster
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# debootstrap --arch=amd64 buster /tmp/foo/ http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian
Retreiving ...
..
..
..
I: Configuring ifupdown...
I: Configuring bsdmainutils...
I: Configuring whiptail...
I: Configuring libnetfilter-conntrack3:amd64...
I: Configuring iptables...
I: Configuring tasksel-data...
I: Configuring tasksel...
I: Configuring libc-bin...
I: Configuring systemd...
I: Base system installed successfully.
-------------------
CHROOT GRUB Requirements
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount -o bind /proc /tmp/foo/proc/
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount -o bind /dev /tmp/foo/dev
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount -o bind /dev/pts /tmp/foo/dev/pts
root@mrWhiteGhost:/home/urnilxfgbez# mount -o bind /sys /tmp/foo/sys
-----
DEBIAN BASIC Packages
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# apt-get install console-data console-common tzdata locales keyboard-configuration linux-image-amd64
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
tzdata is already the newest version (2020a-0+deb10u1).
The following additional packages will be installed:
apparmor busybox bzip2 file firmware-linux-free initramfs-tools
initramfs-tools-core kbd klibc-utils libc-l10n libexpat1 libklibc
libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2 libpython3-stdlib libpython3.7-minimal
libpython3.7-stdlib libreadline7 libsqlite3-0 linux-base
linux-image-4.19.0-9-amd64 mime-support pigz python3 python3-minimal
python3.7 python3.7-minimal xz-utils
Suggested packages:
apparmor-profiles-extra apparmor-utils bzip2-doc unicode-data
bash-completion linux-doc-4.19 debian-kernel-handbook grub-pc
| grub-efi-amd64 | extlinux python3-doc python3-tk python3-venv
python3.7-venv python3.7-doc binutils binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
apparmor busybox bzip2 console-common console-data file firmware-linux-free
initramfs-tools initramfs-tools-core kbd keyboard-configuration klibc-utils
libc-l10n libexpat1 libklibc libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2
libpython3-stdlib libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib libreadline7
libsqlite3-0 linux-base linux-image-4.19.0-9-amd64 linux-image-amd64 locales
mime-support pigz python3 python3-minimal python3.7 python3.7-minimal
xz-utils
0 upgraded, 34 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 62.6 MB of archives.
After this operation, 333 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
-----
CRYPTO Foo
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# apt-get install cryptsetup
-----
VIM
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# apt-get install vim
-------
FSTAB
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# cat /etc/fstab
# UNCONFIGURED FSTAB FOR BASE SYSTEM
/dev/mapper/ROOTIGES / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
UUID=17843802-be7c-4fac-b4b8-70e8b71eabaf /boot ext4 defaults
UUID=E6B8-136A /boot/efi vfat defaults
-------
Crypttab
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# cat /etc/crypttab
# <target name> <source device> <key file> <options>
ROOTIGES UUID=d4ccc7b9-2db5-42cb-ae66-7a623744b38d none luks,tries=0
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# apt-get install grub-efi-amd64
----
EFI
root@mrWhiteGhost:/# grub-install -d /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi /dev/sdb
Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
grub-install: warning: EFI variables are not supported on this system..
Installation finished. No error reported.
winexe - build
- Ziel: von Linux aus Windows cmd's absetzen , benötige Version mit SMB2 Unterstützung für Windows 10
- Gebaut und getestet auf Debian 10 Buster 64 Bit
UILD INSTRUCTIONS FOR DEBIAN
###########################################
This is the build instructions for Debian 8 (jessie) and Debian 10 (buster) and has been tested with Samba 4.3.13. The provided patches will NOT work with Samba 4.4.x or 4.5.x and need to be updated. We will provide the updated patches in the future.
Please note that compiled binaries on Debian 10 are compatible and work with with Debian 9.
1) Create a clean build chroot (Debian 8): debootstrap --arch="amd64" jessie debian-jessie/ http://deb.debian.org/debian/
Create a clean build chroot (Debian 10): debootstrap --arch="amd64" buster debian-buster/ http://deb.debian.org/debian/
2) Chroot and install required packages:
# chroot debian-jessie OR # chroot debian-buster
# apt-get install wget locales build-essential git gcc-mingw-w64 comerr-dev libpopt-dev libbsd-dev zlib1g-dev libc6-dev python-dev libgnutls28-dev devscripts pkg-config autoconf libldap2-dev libtevent-dev libtalloc-dev libacl1-dev
3) Get the sources:
git clone https://bitbucket.org/reevertcode/reevert-winexe-waf.git
wget https://download.samba.org/pub/samba/stable/samba-4.3.13.tar.gz
4) cd reevert-winexe-waf
5) tar -xf ../samba-4.3.13.tar.gz && mv samba-4.3.13 samba
6) rm -r source/smb_static
7) cat patches/fix_smb_static.patch | patch -p1
8) If building for SMBv2:
cat patches/smb2_nognutls_noaddc.patch | patch -p1
cat patches/smb2_add_public_includes.patch | patch -p1
If building for SMBv1:
cat patches/smb1_nognutls_noaddc.patch | patch -p1
8a) Debian 10 only: cat patches/fix_samba_perl.py.patch | patch -p0
9) cd source && ln -s ../samba/bin/default/smb_static
10) ./waf --samba-dir=../samba configure build
- Fehler
..
[14/16] winexesvc64_exe.c: build/bin2c build/winexesvc64.exe -> build/winexesvc64_exe.c
[15/16] c: build/winexesvc64_exe.c -> build/winexesvc64_exe.c.6.o
[16/16] cprogram: build/winexe.c.6.o build/svcinstall.c.6.o build/async.c.6.o build/winexesvc32_exe.c.6.o build/winexesvc64_exe.c.6.o -> build/winexe-static
/usr/bin/ld: /root/winexe/reevert-winexe-waf/source/smb_static/build/libsmb_static.a(debug_8.o): in function `debug_systemd_log':
debug.c:(.text+0x173): undefined reference to `sd_journal_send_with_location'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Waf: Leaving directory `/root/winexe/reevert-winexe-waf/source/build'
Build failed
-> task in 'winexe-static' failed (exit status 1):
{task 139736975737488: cprogram winexe.c.6.o,svcinstall.c.6.o,async.c.6.o,winexesvc32_exe.c.6.o,winexesvc64_exe.c.6.o -> winexe-static}
['/usr/bin/gcc', '-pthread', 'winexe.c.6.o', 'svcinstall.c.6.o', 'async.c.6.o', 'winexesvc32_exe.c.6.o', 'winexesvc64_exe.c.6.o', '-o', '/root/winexe/reevert-winexe-waf/source/build/winexe-static', '-Wl,-Bstatic', '-L/root/winexe/reevert-winexe-waf/source/smb_static/build', '-lsmb_static', '-lbsd', '-lz', '-lresolv', '-lrt', '-Wl,-Bdynamic', '-ldl']
..
- sd_journal_send_with_location wird definiert in libsystemd-dev - Installation brachte kein Ergebnis Fehler blieb weiterhin bestehen
- Lösung:
- → reevert-winexe-waf/samba/lib/util/debug.c:#include <systemd/sd-journal.h> , Einsatz der Funktion sd_journal_send_with_location suchen und auskommentieren mit /* funktion */
- Nach neuem Versuch → Beginn bei 3) und gleich editieren und erneut bauen , funktionierte es erfolgreich:
9/16] cprogram: build/winexesvc_launch.c.1.o build/winexesvc_loop.c.1.o -> build/winexesvc32.exe [10/16] cprogram: build/bin2c.c.3.o -> build/bin2c [11/16] cprogram: build/winexesvc_launch.c.2.o build/winexesvc_loop.c.2.o -> build/winexesvc64.exe [12/16] winexesvc64_exe.c: build/bin2c build/winexesvc64.exe -> build/winexesvc64_exe.c [13/16] c: build/winexesvc64_exe.c -> build/winexesvc64_exe.c.6.o [14/16] winexesvc32_exe.c: build/bin2c build/winexesvc32.exe -> build/winexesvc32_exe.c [15/16] c: build/winexesvc32_exe.c -> build/winexesvc32_exe.c.6.o [16/16] cprogram: build/winexe.c.6.o build/svcinstall.c.6.o build/async.c.6.o build/winexesvc32_exe.c.6.o build/winexesvc64_exe.c.6.o -> build/winexe-static Waf: Leaving directory `/root/winexe/reevert-winexe-waf/source/build' 'build' finished successfully (3.274s) ... root@develop-debian:~/winexe/reevert-winexe-waf/source/build# ./winexe-static winexe version 1.1 This program may be freely redistributed under the terms of the GNU GPLv3 Usage: winexe-static [OPTION]... //HOST COMMAND Options: -h, --help Display help message -V, --version Display version number ....
- Beispielaufruf:
winexe-static -U foo/Administrator --interactive=0 --ostype=1 --system //10.0.27.9 tasklist
honeydb honeypot
- Ich möchte den Agent nicht als „root“ laufen lassen (mit systemctl edit –full kann das ganze systemd File einfach angepasst werden)
- systemctl edit honeydb-agent
### Anything between here and the comment below will become the new contents of the file [Service] ExecStart= ExecStart=/usr/sbin/honeydb-agent User=honeypot Group=honeypot Restart=on-failure KillSignal=SIGQUIT StandardOutput=syslog StandardError=syslog ### Lines below this comment will be discarded ### /etc/systemd/system/honeydb-agent.service # [Unit] # Description=HoneyDB Agent # Documentation=https://honeydb-agent-docs.readthedocs.io # After=network.target # # [Service] # Type=simple # ExecStart=/usr/sbin/honeydb-agent # Restart=on-failure # KillSignal=SIGQUIT # StandardOutput=syslog # StandardError=syslog
heralding honeypot
- Honeypot (https://github.com/johnnykv/heralding) um bei unterschiedlichen Diensten Zugangsdaten zu sammeln
- getestet auf Kali Linux
kali linux:
pip install heralding
error wegen python 3.9 - funktion gibt es nicht mehr
vim /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages/heralding/honeypot.py +33
#from ipify import get_ip
vim /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages/heralding/honeypot.py +56
Honeypot.public_ip = '1.2.3.4'
ssh geht nicht wegen python 3.9
vim /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/heralding/honeypot.py +152
ändern auf:
server_coro = asyncssh.create_server(lambda: SshClass(ssh_options, self.loop),
bind_host, port, server_host_keys=[ssh_key_file],
login_timeout=cap.timeout)
Systemd service erstellen & User :
useradd honeypot / volle Rechte auf /var/lib/honeypot für honeypot
/var/lib/honeypot/heralding.yml:
====
# will request and log the public ip every hours from ipify
public_ip_as_destination_ip: false
# ip address to listen on
bind_host: 0.0.0.0
# logging of sessions and authentication attempts
activity_logging:
file:
enabled: true
# Session details common for all protocols (capabilities) in CSV format,
# written to file when the session ends. Set to "" to disable.
session_csv_log_file: "log_session.csv"
# Complete session details (including protocol specific data) in JSONL format,
# written to file when the session ends. Set to "" to disable
session_json_log_file: "log_session.json"
# Writes each authentication attempt to file, including credentials,
# set to "" to disable
authentication_log_file: "log_auth.csv"
syslog:
enabled: true
hpfeeds:
enabled: false
session_channel: "heralding.session"
auth_channel: "heralding.auth"
host:
port: 20000
ident:
secret:
curiosum:
enabled: false
port: 23400
hash_cracker:
enabled: true
wordlist_file: 'wordlist.txt'
# protocols to enable
capabilities:
ftp:
enabled: true
port: 10021
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
max_attempts: 3
banner: "pureftpd Server"
syst_type: "Linux"
telnet:
enabled: true
port: 10023
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
max_attempts: 3
pop3:
enabled: false
port: 110
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
max_attempts: 3
pop3s:
enabled: false
port: 995
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
max_attempts: 3
# if a .pem file is not found in work dir, a new pem file will be created
# using these values
cert:
common_name: "*"
country: "US"
state: None
locality: None
organization: None
organizational_unit: None
# how many days should the certificate be valid for
valid_days: 365
serial_number: 0
postgresql:
enabled: false
port: 5432
timeout: 30
imap:
enabled: false
port: 143
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
max_attempts: 3
banner: "* OK IMAP4rev1 Server Ready"
imaps:
enabled: false
port: 993
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
max_attempts: 3
banner: "* OK IMAP4rev1 Server Ready"
# if a .pem file is not found in work dir, a new pem file will be created
# using these values
cert:
common_name: "*"
country: "US"
state: None
locality: None
organization: None
organizational_unit: None
# how many days should the certificate be valid for
valid_days: 365
serial_number: 0
ssh:
enabled: true
port: 10022
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
banner: "SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.9p1 Debian-10+deb10u2"
http:
enabled: false
port: 80
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
banner: ""
https:
enabled: false
port: 443
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
banner: ""
# if a .pem file is not found in work dir, a new pem file will be created
# using these values
cert:
common_name: "*"
country: "US"
state: None
locality: None
organization: None
organizational_unit: None
# how many days should the certificate be valid for
valid_days: 365
serial_number: 0
smtp:
enabled: false
port: 25
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
banner: "Microsoft ESMTP MAIL service ready"
# If the fqdn option is commented out or empty, then fqdn of the host will be used
fqdn: ""
smtps:
enabled: false
port: 465
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
banner: "Microsoft ESMTP MAIL service ready"
# If the fqdn option is commented out or empty, then fqdn of the host will be used
fqdn: ""
cert:
common_name: "*"
country: "US"
state: None
locality: None
organization: None
organizational_unit: None
# how many days should the certificate be valid for
valid_days: 365
serial_number: 0
vnc:
enabled: false
port: 5900
timeout: 30
socks5:
enabled: false
port: 1080
timeout: 30
mysql:
enabled: false
port: 3306
timeout: 30
rdp:
enabled: true
port: 3389
timeout: 30
protocol_specific_data:
banner: ""
# if a .pem file is not found in work dir, a new pem file will be created
# using these values
cert:
common_name: "*"
country: "AT"
state: Austria
locality: Austria
organization: None
organizational_unit: None
# how many days should the certificate be valid for
valid_days: 365
serial_number: 0
===
Prerouting rules für user space daemon:
root@pentest:~# iptables -t nat -L PREROUTING -vn
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 3322 packets, 740K bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 REDIRECT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:23 flags:0x17/0x02 redir ports 10023
0 0 REDIRECT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:21 flags:0x17/0x02 redir ports 10021
0 0 REDIRECT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:22 flags:0x17/0x02 redir ports 10022
====
systemd service:
root@pentest:~# cat /etc/systemd/system/heralding.service
[Unit]
Description=heralding
Documentation=https://github.com/johnnykv/heralding
After=network.target
[Service]
User=honeypot
Group=honeypot
Type=simple
WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/honeypot
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/heralding -c /var/lib/honeypot/heralding.yml
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s TERM $MAINPID
ExecStop=/bin/kill -s TERM $MAINPID
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
======
- Achtung Python 3.10 ändert sich die async Funktionen - der loop Parameter fällt weg
vim /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/heralding/honeypot.py +188
elif cap_name == 'rdp':
pem_file = '{0}.pem'.format(cap_name)
self.create_cert_if_not_exists(cap_name, pem_file)
server_coro = asyncio.start_server(
# cap.handle_session, bind_host, port, loop=self.loop)
cap.handle_session, bind_host, port)
else:
server_coro = asyncio.start_server(
# cap.handle_session, bind_host, port, loop=self.loop)
cap.handle_session, bind_host, port)
- vim /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/heralding/libs/telnetsrv/telnetsrvlib.py +117 / vim /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/heralding/capabilities/handlerbase.py +86
Apache2 mod_ssl
- Getestet mit Ubuntu 22.04
- Für eine CA nur bestimmte Zertifikate mit den entsprechenden Common Names zulassen
- Expressions: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/expr.html
- Client Variables: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_ssl.html
- /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/foo.com.conf
..
..
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/foo.com.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/foo.com.key
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/apache2/ssl/ca.crt
SSLCACertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/ca.crt
SSLCARevocationFile /etc/apache2/ssl/crl.crl
SSLVerifyClient require
SSLVerifyDepth 1
<Directory /var/www/foo>
Require expr ( %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN} == "christian.czeczil@foo.com" || %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN} == "max.mustermann@foo.com" || %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN} == "fritz.mustermann@foo.com" )
</Directory>
...
...
Apache2 DoS Protection
- Rundimentärer DoS Schutz auf Apache2 Ebene über Modul / Achtung sollte PHP als Modul eingsetzt werden
- Getestet auf Debian Buster
apt-get install libapache2-mod-evasive
a2enmod evasive
-> Tests mit zB: ab -n 200 https://website / hydra auf kali bei basic auth über https zB: hydra -l username -P /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst website https-get
Konfiguration:
cat /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/evasive.conf
<IfModule mod_evasive20.c>
DOSHashTableSize 3097
#2021-06-29 cc: Anzahl Requests auf bestimmte URI Requests pro Sekunde (Interval 1)
DOSPageCount 4
#2021-06-29 cc: ganzer "Webserver" Requests pro Sekunde (Interval 1)
DOSSiteCount 20
DOSPageInterval 1
DOSSiteInterval 1
DOSBlockingPeriod 60
DOSWhiteList 1.2.3.*
DOSSystemCommand "echo 'IP: %s blocked' | mail -s 'Evasive Blocked Apache2' support@pannoniait.at"
</IfModule>
--
Mit prefork apache2 mpm greift es nicht !
a2dismod mpm_prefork
a2dismod php <- PHP is not threat safe / PHP als Modul muss deaktiviert werden ggf. auf php-fpm umsteigen
a2enmod mpm_event
systemctl restart apache2
MINT
- Keyboard auf DE stellen bei Live Linux MINT ISO - getestet unter: Mint XFCE 21.2
- Mintupgrade von 19 auf 20 - Window Manager wurde nicht mehr gestartet / es ging jedoch manuell mit eingeloggtem User und startx → apt-get install lightdm-gtk-greeter
Western Digital WD my Cloud Mirror
- SSH aktivieren damit sich die „Specials“ entfalten .. zusammen gebasteltes embedded Linux von WD
root@nas root # cat /proc/version Linux version 3.2.40 (kman@kmachine) (gcc version 4.6.4 (Linaro GCC branch-4.6.4. Marvell GCC Dev 201310-2126.3d181f66 64K MAXPAGESIZE ALIGN) ) #1 Fri Nov 16 12:28:49 CST 2018
- Konfiguration wird in XML Dateien gehalten / Ich wollte einen Cron Job hinzufügen der alte nur lesbare Backup Kopien löscht, die älter als 2 Wochen sind - go for the mission :)
- Konfiguration befindet sich unter /usr/local/config/config.xml / in /usr/local/config/ befindet sich persistierbarer Speicher d.h. hier können Dateien erstellt werden die auch einen reboot überleben
- Vom Share backup wird auf share backups/workstations kopiert (wöchtentlich / Cron Job hier über die Web GUI - „kopieren“)
- /usr/local/config/delete_old_backups.sh
#!/bin/bash
find /mnt/HD/HD_a2/backups/workstations/workstations/ -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -ctime +14 -exec rm -rf {} \; | msmtp --host=xxx recipient_mail --from sender_mail
echo "Finished cleaning backups" | msmtp --host=xxx recipient_mail --from sender_mail
- Im XML File einbauen damit nach Reboot der crontab Eintrag erstellt wird /usr/local/config /config.xml :
-> bei <crond> <list> <name id="NUMMER_EINFACH_ZÄHLEN">clean_backup</name> </list> -> eigener Eintrag für <clean_backup> im gleichen Schema wie die Anderen - <run>/usr/local/config/delete_old_backups.sh</run>
- crontab -l | grep -i backup
0 1 * * 6 internal_backup -a 'workstations' -c jobrun & 0 2 * * 7 /usr/local/config/delete_old_backups.sh
Serial Console
- Wenn ich den Anschluss schon auf meiner Appliance habe - ich möchte ihn nutzbar machen :) ttyS0 als terminal zum Einloggen :)
- Welcher ttySXY ist es überhaupt ? ttyS0 (cat /proc/tty/driver/serial → 0:uart ..)
serinfo:1.0 driver revision: 0: uart:16550A port:000003F8 irq:4 tx:621 rx:50 RTS|DTR|CD|RI 1: uart:unknown port:000002F8 irq:3 2: uart:unknown port:000003E8 irq:4 3: uart:unknown port:000002E8 irq:3
- Keine systemd Abhängigkeiten (systemctl start/stop/status/enable/disable serial-getty@ttyS0) daher über grub
- /etc/default/grub - 115200 baud möchte ich haben per Default sind es 9600 → update-grub2 u. die Boot Messages möchte ich sehen :)
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0"
- Zugriff über client - zB: screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200 :)
Big RAM
- With more RAM comes more performance possibility :)
- Ich möchte Teile meines Filesystems (caching) in den RAM laden und dort persistent zur Verfügung haben
- Getestet unter: Kali Rolling / Debian 11 / Debian 12
apt-get install vmtouch
- systemd Beispiel - Achtung bei Type=forking zeigt er den Realverbrauch bei Type=simple nicht / Lade bis zu 512MB größe Dateien in den RAM aus den Verzeichnissen /usr/bin /bin /lib /usr/lib - Achtung Da kann der OOM Killer vorbeischaun :)
cat /lib/systemd/system/vmtouch-sysd.service [Unit] Description=vmtouch load into ram After=multi-user.target [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/usr/bin/vmtouch -v -l -m 512M /usr/bin /bin /lib/ /usr/lib #2023-10-16 cc: Try terminate first and not kill - 9 KillSignal=15 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
- Kernel Tweaks - danke : https://gist.github.com/Nihhaar/ca550c221f3c87459ab383408a9c3928
- per Default liegt der Wert bei 100
root@mrChief:/home/urnilxfgbez# cat /proc/sys/vm/vfs_cache_pressure 50
- Je geringer der Wert desto länger hält der Kernel den Cache im RAM
vm.vfs_cache_pressure = 50
- TMPFS nutzen / Hier müssen die Programme oder mount Points entsprechend am ramfs landen damit sie aus dem RAM geladen werden zB: /etc/fstab
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,size=512m 0 0 tmpfs /var/log tmpfs defaults,size=256m 0 0
IPv6 Tunneling
- Leider ist es noch immer nicht möglich ein nativ geroutetes IPv6 Netz zu erhalten (Provider: Kabelsignal AG / als Business Kunde) - ich möchte jedoch in das unentdeckte Land vorstoßen, auch für den Unterricht :)
IPv6 - Tunneling - Server
- Am Server brauche ich auf jeden Fall ein IPv6 Netz (/64) um daraus Teile herauszuschneiden (zB: /80er) die ich durch meinen OpenVPN Tunnel route
- Konfiguration am Server (Hetzner Root Server / Debian Bullseye) - /etc/network/interfaces
iface eth0 inet6 static
address 2a01:4f8:171:1a3::1
netmask 64
gateway fe80::1
- Nice d.h. ich hab 2a01:4f8:171:1a3::/64 und kann ein Provider werden hrhr
urnilxfgbez@mrWhiteGhost:/tmp/foo/etc$ ipcalc-ng 2a01:4f8:171:1a3::/64 Full Network: 2a01:04f8:0171:01a3:0000:0000:0000:0000/64 Network: 2a01:4f8:171:1a3::/64 Netmask: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:: = 64 Address space: Global Unicast HostMin: 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:: HostMax: 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff Hosts/Net: 2^(64) = 18446744073709551616
- /etc/openvpn/ipv6.conf
- Für das Tunneling nehmen wir OpenVPN , da der Autor seit zahlreichen Jahren mit der VPN Lösung vertraut ist / Für die Endpunkt IPv6 Adressen nehmen wir ULA Adressen da sie nicht global geroutet werden müssen wir jedoch für das Routing Endpunkte brauchen - tun ist ein Layer 3 Device :)
- Über ipv6vpn.pannoniait.at stellen für über IPv4 eine Verbindung her und Tunneln dann IPv6 durch das Device - einfach nice :) Für das ULA Netz nehm ich fd00:beef:cafe:feed::/64 , wobei der Endpunkt im VPN Tunnel fd00:beef:cafe:feed::1/64 ist
dev tun-ipv6 port 60196 proto udp mode server management 127.0.0.1 226 cd /etc/openvpn/ipv6 server-ipv6 fd00:beef:cafe:feed::/64 # Testroute - mrWhiteGhost.pannoniait.intern route-ipv6 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a2::/80 # Mobiles Device - mrTunnel01 route-ipv6 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a3::/80 dh dh4096.pem ca ca.crt cert ipv6vpn.pannoniait.at.crt key ipv6vpn.pannoniait.at.key ccd-exclusive tls-crypt tls_crypt.key user nobody group nogroup client-config-dir ccd topology subnet tls-server keepalive 5 15 persist-tun persist-key verb 3 multihome
- Die route-ipv6 Einträge sorgen dafür dass dem Kernel mitgeteilt wird dass diese Netze über das tun Device zu erreichen sind:
root@master:/etc/openvpn# ip -6 route ls ... 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a2::/80 dev tun-ipv6 metric 1024 pref medium 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a3::/80 dev tun-ipv6 metric 1024 pref medium fd00:beef:cafe:feed::/64 dev tun-ipv6 proto kernel metric 256 pref medium ..
- Hinter bestimmten Client Zertifikaten (CN) befinden sich die Netze - die dort per dnsmasq dhcpv6 an die Clients ausgeteilt werden zB: /etc/openvpn/ipv6/ccd/mrTunnel01 / Der Endpunkt bekommt die fd00:beef:cafe:feed::3/64 und der OpenVPN Server ist durch den Tunnel über fd00:beef:cafe:feed::1 zu erreichen
ifconfig-ipv6-push fd00:beef:cafe:feed::3/64 fd00:beef:cafe:feed::1 push "redirect-gateway ipv6" #2025-05-07 cc: The IPv6 Network we push through the tunnel and config on the other side for the clients iroute-ipv6 2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a3::/80
IPv6 - Tunneling - Clients/Endpoints
- Der Client selbst ist wiederrum ein Router , der per dhcpv6 /80er Adressen verteilt - Achtung SLAAC braucht /64er Konfigurationen und Netze daher dhcpv6 / Er verbindet sich über OpenVPN zum ipv6vpn.pannoniait.at Endpunkt siehe Server oben
- /etc/dnsmasq.conf
interface=br-lan dhcp-range=192.168.128.100,192.168.128.200,12h domain=tunnel.intern dhcp-leasefile=/tmp/leases.dhcp #2025-05-19 cc: Use Quad9 DNS Servers server=9.9.9.9 server=149.112.112.112 #2025-05-19 cc: ignore negative cache entries and do not read dns servers from resolv.conf no-resolv no-negcache #2020-11-11 cc: log everything log-queries=extra #2025-05-19 cc: ipv6 related #2025-04-24 cc: use SLAAC stateless enable-ra ra-param=br-lan,10,30 #2025-04-24 cc: use statefull DHCPv6 point to DNS Server dhcp-range=2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a3::1000,2a01:4f8:171:1a3:a3::10ff,80,12h #2025-05-14 cc: disable all ipv4 answers #filter-A #2025-05-14 cc: disable all ipv6 answers #filter-AAAA
- /etc/openvpn/roadworker-mrTunnel01.ovpn
tls-client
dev tun-ipv6
remote ipv6vpn.pannoniait.at 60196 udp
verify-x509-name ipv6vpn.pannoniait.at name
keepalive 5 10
resolv-retry infinite
nobind
persist-key
persist-tun
verb 3
pull
user nobody
group nogroup
<ca>
...
</ca>
<tls-crypt>
....
</tls-crypt>
<cert>
....
</cert>
<key>
...
</key>
IPv6 - Tunneling - Devices
- Achtung Android 15 (Pixel 8 Pro) - kann kein dhcpv6 - https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/36949085 d.h. Android kann nur /64er Netze über SLAAC well done
Zabbix
- Installiert auf Debian 11 (Bullseye) - Zabbix 6 aus Zabbix Repositories - LTS Version
- Da pnp4nagios schon länger nicht mehr weiter entwickelt wird braucht es eine Alternative für die Graphen / Ich möchte Performancedaten zur Netzwerkauslastung
- Ideal bei pauschalisierten Überprüfungen zB: Linux Server , HPE Enterprise SNMP Check von Switch usw..
Installation
- Zabbix Scratchpad zur Installation:
- Ich würde ausschließlich auf dem Monitoring Server das Repository von Zabbix empfehlen / die Repo Agents von Debian 10 u. Debian 11 funktionieren ohne Probleme
- Default Username und Password: Admin zabbix / Achtung: Konfiguration von apache2 beachten /etc/apache2/conf.d/
- wollte Default Database Engine ändern - er installiert mit InnoDB
Install and configure Zabbix for your platform a. Install Zabbix repository Documentation # wget https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/6.0/debian/pool/main/z/zabbix-release/zabbix-release_6.0-4+debian11_all.deb # dpkg -i zabbix-release_6.0-4+debian11_all.deb # apt update b. Install Zabbix server, frontend, agent # apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-apache-conf zabbix-sql-scripts zabbix-agent c. Create initial database Documentation Install mariadb server apt-get install mariadb-server Choose Aria (crash safe) table/database default format mysqld server section config file: add default-storage-engine=Aria root@mrMonitoring:/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d# systemctl restart mariadb root@mrMonitoring:/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 30 Server version: 10.5.21-MariaDB-0+deb11u1 Debian 11 Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> select @@global.storage_engine; +-------------------------+ | @@global.storage_engine | +-------------------------+ | Aria | +-------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.000 sec) Make sure you have database server up and running. Run the following on your database host. # mysql -uroot -p password mysql> create database zabbix character set utf8mb4 collate utf8mb4_bin; mysql> create user zabbix@localhost identified by 'password'; mysql> grant all privileges on zabbix.* to zabbix@localhost; mysql> set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1; mysql> quit; -- MariaDB [(none)]> create database zabbix character set utf8mb4 collate utf8mb4_bin; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create user zabbix@localhost identified by 'PASSWORD'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.012 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> grant all privileges on zabbix.* to zabbix@localhost; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.012 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> quit -- On Zabbix server host import initial schema and data. You will be prompted to enter your newly created password. # zcat /usr/share/zabbix-sql-scripts/mysql/server.sql.gz | mysql --default-character-set=utf8mb4 -uzabbix -p zabbix -- root@mrMonitoring:/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d# zcat /usr/share/zabbix-sql-scripts/mysql/server.sql.gz | mysql --default-character-set=utf8mb4 -uzabbix zabbix -p Enter password: root@mrMonitoring:/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d# -- Disable log_bin_trust_function_creators option after importing database schema. # mysql -uroot -p password mysql> set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 0; mysql> quit; d. Configure the database for Zabbix server Edit file /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf DBPassword=password e. Start Zabbix server and agent processes Start Zabbix server and agent processes and make it start at system boot. # systemctl restart zabbix-server zabbix-agent apache2 # systemctl enable zabbix-server zabbix-agent apache2 f. Open Zabbix UI web page The default URL for Zabbix UI when using Apache web server is http://host/zabbix
Agent - Konfiguration
- ActiveAgent / Der Agent stellt eine Verbindung zum Monitoring Server her (TCP Port 10051) , per Default unverschlüsselt
- PassiveAgent / Der Monitoring Server stellt eine Verbindung mit dem Agent her (TCP Port 10050 ) , per Default unverschlüsselt
root@mrGodfather:~# grep ^[^#] /etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf PidFile=/var/run/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.pid LogFile=/var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log LogFileSize=0 Server=IP_MONITORING_SERVER Include=/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf.d/*.conf
* PassiveAgent / Der Monitoring Server stellt eine Verbindung mit dem Agent her (TCP Port 10050 ) , verschlüsselt mit PSK (https://www.zabbix.com/documentation/current/en/manual/encryption/using_pre_shared_keys)
root@foo:~# grep ^[^#] /etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf PidFile=/run/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.pid LogFile=/var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log LogFileSize=0 Server=IP_MONITORING_SERVER ListenPort=10050 Include=/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf.d/*.conf TLSConnect=psk TLSAccept=psk TLSPSKIdentity=UNIQUE_ID_KEY_FOO TLSPSKFile=/etc/zabbix/agentd.psk
- Random agentd.psk Key: openssl rand -hex 32
Custom Item - Konfiguration
- Am Beispiel der Brennenstuhl IP Leiste für den Verbrauch / Ich möchte den Verbrauch ebenfalls im Zabbix erfassen um entsprechende Grafiken zu gewinnen
Auto Provisioning/Registering
- Um zB: Workstations als aktiven Agent einzubinden , da sie nicht immer laufen
- GPO Auto Installation: https://doku.pannoniait.at/doku.php?id=know-how:windows#zabbix_deployment
- Scratchpad:
https://www.zabbix.com/documentation/current/en/manual/discovery/auto_registration
Secure autoregistration
A secure way of autoregistration is possible by configuring PSK-based authentication with encrypted connections.
The level of encryption is configured globally in Administration → General → Autoregistration. It is possible to select no encryption, TLS encryption with PSK authentication or both (so that some hosts may register without encryption while others through encryption).
Authentication by PSK is verified by Zabbix server before adding a host. If successful, the host is added and Connections from/to host are set to 'PSK' only with identity/pre-shared key the same as in the global autoregistration setting.
To ensure security of autoregistration on installations using proxies, encryption between Zabbix server and proxy should be enabled.
-----
Using host metadata
When agent is sending an auto-registration request to the server it sends its hostname. In some cases (for example, Amazon cloud nodes) a hostname is not enough for Zabbix server to differentiate discovered hosts. Host metadata can be optionally used to send other information from an agent to the server.
Host metadata is configured in the agent configuration file - zabbix_agentd.conf. There are 2 ways of specifying host metadata in the configuration file:
HostMetadata HostMetadataItem
See the description of the options in the link above.
<note:important>An auto-registration attempt happens every time an active agent sends a request to refresh active checks to the server. The delay between requests is specified in the RefreshActiveChecks parameter of the agent. The first request is sent immediately after the agent is restarted. :::
Example 1
Using host metadata to distinguish between Linux and Windows hosts.
Say you would like the hosts to be auto-registered by the Zabbix server. You have active Zabbix agents (see "Configuration" section above) on your network. There are Windows hosts and Linux hosts on your network and you have "Template OS Linux" and "Template OS Windows" templates available in your Zabbix frontend. So at host registration you would like the appropriate Linux/Windows template to be applied to the host being registered. By default only the hostname is sent to the server at auto-registration, which might not be enough. In order to make sure the proper template is applied to the host you should use host metadata.
Agent configuration
The first thing to do is configuring the agents. Add the next line to the agent configuration files:
HostMetadataItem=system.uname
This way you make sure host metadata will contain "Linux" or "Windows" depending on the host an agent is running on. An example of host metadata in this case:
Linux: Linux server3 3.2.0-4-686-pae #1 SMP Debian 3.2.41-2 i686 GNU/Linux Windows: Windows WIN-0PXGGSTYNHO 6.0.6001 Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 1 Intel IA-32
Do not forget to restart the agent after making any changes to the configuration file.
Frontend configuration
Now you need to configure the frontend. Create 2 actions. The first action:
Name: Linux host autoregistration
Conditions: Host metadata like Linux
Operations: Link to templates: Template OS Linux
You can skip an "Add host" operation in this case. Linking to a template requires adding a host first so the server will do that automatically.
The second action:
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Install Client on Windows
https://www.zabbix.com/documentation/current/en/manual/installation/install_from_packages/win_msi
Examples
To install Zabbix Windows agent from the command-line, you may run, for example:
SET INSTALLFOLDER=C:\Program Files\Zabbix Agent msiexec /l*v log.txt /i zabbix_agent-6.4.0-x86.msi /qn^ LOGTYPE=file^ LOGFILE="%INSTALLFOLDER%\zabbix_agentd.log"^ SERVER=192.168.6.76^ LISTENPORT=12345^ SERVERACTIVE=::1^ HOSTNAME=myHost^ TLSCONNECT=psk^ TLSACCEPT=psk^ TLSPSKIDENTITY=MyPSKID^ TLSPSKFILE="%INSTALLFOLDER%\mykey.psk"^ TLSCAFILE="c:\temp\f.txt1"^ TLSCRLFILE="c:\temp\f.txt2"^ TLSSERVERCERTISSUER="My CA"^ TLSSERVERCERTSUBJECT="My Cert"^ TLSCERTFILE="c:\temp\f.txt5"^ TLSKEYFILE="c:\temp\f.txt6"^ ENABLEPATH=1^ INSTALLFOLDER="%INSTALLFOLDER%"^ SKIP=fw^ ALLOWDENYKEY="DenyKey=vfs.file.contents[/etc/passwd]"
You may also run, for example:
msiexec /l*v log.txt /i zabbix_agent-6.4.0-x86.msi /qn^ SERVER=192.168.6.76^ TLSCONNECT=psk^ TLSACCEPT=psk^ TLSPSKIDENTITY=MyPSKID^ TLSPSKVALUE=1f87b595725ac58dd977beef14b97461a7c1045b9a1c963065002c5473194952
If both TLSPSKFILE and TLSPSKVALUE are passed, then TLSPSKVALUE will be written to TLSPSKFILE.
HPE 1950 OfficeConnect
- Grundsätzlich ein H3C Switch - Template: HP Comware HH3C by SNMP
- Achtung , Anpassung bei Network Interface Discovery notwendig für Bits sent / Bits received
- snmpwalk ist dein Freund :)
know-how/linux.txt · Zuletzt geändert: 2025/11/14 11:57 von cc